ns.encode(buf);

        // Reset buffer to start for decoding
        buf.reset();

        // Prepare a new object to decode into
        NdrShort decoded = new NdrShort(0);
        decoded.decode(buf);
        assertEquals(123, decoded.value, "decoded value should equal original");
    }

    /**
     * Verify that encode invokes NdrBuffer.enc_ndr_short via a mocked
     * (spied) buffer.
     */

     *            The encoding scheme. Must not be {@literal null} or empty.
     * @return The decoded string.
     */
    public static String decode(final String s, final String enc) {
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("s", s);
        assertArgumentNotEmpty("enc", enc);

        try {
            return URLDecoder.decode(s, enc);
        } catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException e) {

        Encdec.enc_uint64le(currentDate.getTime(), buffer, 0);
        long decoded = Encdec.dec_uint64le(buffer, 0);

        // Then
        assertEquals(currentDate.getTime(), decoded, "Encoded and decoded time should match");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should encode and decode UUIDs")
    void testUUIDOperations() {
        // Given

        // Decode
        FileRenameInformation2 decoded = new FileRenameInformation2();
        int bytesRead = decoded.decode(buffer, 0, bytesWritten);

        // Verify round trip
        assertEquals(bytesWritten, bytesRead);
        assertEquals(original.size(), decoded.size());
        assertEquals(original.getFileInformationLevel(), decoded.getFileInformationLevel());
    }

    @Test

        List<AvPair> pairs = AvPairs.decode(fullData);

        assertNotNull(pairs, "Decoded pairs should not be null");
        assertEquals(1, pairs.size(), "Should have decoded one pair");

        AvPair pair = pairs.get(0);
        assertEquals(AvPair.MsvAvFlags, pair.getType(), "Pair type should be MsvAvFlags");
        assertTrue(pair instanceof AvFlags, "Should be decoded as AvFlags");

  val normalized = normalizeNfc(bufferB.readUtf8())
  bufferA.writeUtf8(normalized)

  // 3. For each label, convert/validate Punycode.
  val decoded = Punycode.decode(bufferA.readUtf8()) ?: return null

  // 4.1 Validate.

  // Must be NFC.
  if (decoded != normalizeNfc(decoded)) return null

  // TODO: Must not begin with a combining mark.
  // TODO: Each character must be 'valid' or 'deviation'. Not mapped.

        // Decode from buffer
        NdrBuffer decodeBuffer = new NdrBuffer(buffer, 0);
        lsarpc.LsarTranslatedName decodedName = new lsarpc.LsarTranslatedName();
        decodedName.decode(decodeBuffer);

        // Verify the decoded data matches
        assertEquals(translatedName.sid_type, decodedName.sid_type);

            int decoded = decodedContext.decode(buffer, 0, encoded);

            assertEquals(encoded, decoded);
            assertArrayEquals(originalHashAlgos, decodedContext.getHashAlgos());
            assertArrayEquals(originalSalt, decodedContext.getSalt());
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should encode and decode correctly with multiple hash algorithms and large salt")

            }
        }
        return u;
    }

    /**
     * Decodes a URL as a name using appropriate character encoding.
     * Handles encoding detection from parent URLs and configuration settings.
     *
     * @param url the URL to decode
     * @param escapePlus whether to escape plus signs before decoding
     * @return the decoded URL name, or original URL if decoding fails
     */

        // create a new empty range and decode
        LockingAndXRange decoded = new LockingAndXRange(false);
        int decodedSize = decoded.decode(dst, 0, dst.length);
        assertEquals(10, decodedSize, "Decode should return size 10");
        assertEquals(99, decoded.getPid());
        assertEquals(123456L, decoded.getByteOffset());
        assertEquals(654321L, decoded.getLengthInBytes());
    }