We also saw that HTTPS is normally provided by a component **external** to your application server, a **TLS Termination Proxy**.

And there has to be something in charge of **renewing the HTTPS certificates**, it could be the same component or it could be something different.

### Example Tools for HTTPS

Some of the tools you could use as a TLS Termination Proxy are:

* Traefik

아마도 더 일반적이기는 하겠지만 의존성을 선언하는 유일한 방법은 아닙니다.

핵심 요소는 의존성이 "호출 가능"해야 한다는 것입니다

파이썬에서의 "**호출 가능**"은 파이썬이 함수처럼 "호출"할 수 있는 모든 것입니다.

따라서, 만약 당신이 `something`(함수가 아닐 수도 있음) 객체를 가지고 있고,

```Python
something()
```

또는

```Python
something(some_argument, some_keyword_argument="foo")
```

상기와 같은 방식으로 "호출(실행)" 할 수 있다면 "호출 가능"이 됩니다.

## 의존성으로서의 클래스

### About `{**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}`

`note` is a Pydantic `Note` object.

`note.dict()` returns a `dict` with its data, something like:

```Python
{
    "text": "Some note",
    "completed": False,
}
```

but it doesn't have the `id` field.

class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str

    if PYDANTIC_V2:
        model_config = {
            "json_schema_extra": {
                "x-something-internal": {"level": 4},
            }
        }
    else:

        class Config:
            schema_extra = {
                "x-something-internal": {"level": 4},
            }


@app.get("/foo", response_model=Item)
def foo():
    return {"name": "Foo item"}

`Optional[Something]` is actually a shortcut for `Union[Something, None]`, they are equivalent.

This also means that in Python 3.10, you can use `Something | None`:

=== "Python 3.10+"

    ```Python hl_lines="1"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
    ```

Let's say you have a *path operation* with a path `/files/{file_path}`.

But you need `file_path` itself to contain a *path*, like `home/johndoe/myfile.txt`.

So, the URL for that file would be something like: `/files/home/johndoe/myfile.txt`.

### OpenAPI support

OpenAPI doesn't support a way to declare a *path parameter* to contain a *path* inside, as that could lead to scenarios that are difficult to test and define.

* путь `/`
* использующих <abbr title="HTTP GET метод"><code>get</code> операцию</abbr>

!!! info "`@decorator` Дополнительная информация"
    Синтаксис `@something` в Python называется "декоратор".

    Вы помещаете его над функцией. Как красивую декоративную шляпу (думаю, что оттуда и происходит этот термин).

    "Декоратор" принимает функцию ниже и выполняет с ней какое-то действие.

        That including `uvloop`, the high-performance drop-in replacement for `asyncio`, that provides the big concurrency performance boost.

        When you install FastAPI with something like `pip install fastapi` you already get `uvicorn[standard]` as well.

=== "Hypercorn"

```

请求 `/unicorns/yolo` 时，路径操作会触发 `UnicornException`。

但该异常将会被 `unicorn_exception_handler` 处理。

接收到的错误信息清晰明了，HTTP 状态码为 `418`，JSON 内容如下：

```JSON
{"message": "Oops! yolo did something. There goes a rainbow..."}

```

!!! note "技术细节"

    `from starlette.requests import Request` 和 `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse` 也可以用于导入 `Request` 和 `JSONResponse`。

# JSON Compatible Encoder

There are some cases where you might need to convert a data type (like a Pydantic model) to something compatible with JSON (like a `dict`, `list`, etc).

For example, if you need to store it in a database.

For that, **FastAPI** provides a `jsonable_encoder()` function.

## Using the `jsonable_encoder`

Let's imagine that you have a database `fake_db` that only receives JSON compatible data.