!!! info "说明"

    OAuth2 中，**作用域**只是声明特定权限的字符串。

    是否使用冒号 `:` 等符号，或是不是 URL 并不重要。

    这些细节只是特定的实现方式。

    对 OAuth2 来说，它们都只是字符串而已。

## 全局纵览

首先，快速浏览一下以下代码与**用户指南**中 [OAuth2 实现密码哈希与 Bearer  JWT 令牌验证](../../tutorial/security/oauth2-jwt.md){.internal-link target=_blank}一章中代码的区别。以下代码使用 OAuth2 作用域：

```Python hl_lines="2  4  8  12  46  64  105  107-115  121-124  128-134  139  153"

Uvicorn ist ein blitzschneller ASGI-Server, der auf uvloop und httptools basiert.

Es handelt sich nicht um ein Webframework, sondern um einen Server. Beispielsweise werden keine Tools für das Routing von Pfaden bereitgestellt. Das ist etwas, was ein Framework wie Starlette (oder **FastAPI**) zusätzlich bieten würde.

Es ist der empfohlene Server für Starlette und **FastAPI**.

!!! check "**FastAPI** empfiehlt es als"

exception to the GPLv2, based on the GNU Project exception for its
Classpath libraries, known as the GNU Classpath Exception, but only
where Oracle has expressly included in the particular source file's
header the words "Oracle designates this particular file as subject to
the "Classpath" exception as provided by Oracle in the LICENSE file
that accompanied this code."

You should also note that Oracle includes multiple, independent

  }

  @Test
  fun shutdownWithoutStart() {
    val server = MockWebServer()
    server.shutdown()
  }

  @Test
  fun closeViaClosable() {
    val server: Closeable = MockWebServer()
    server.close()
  }

  @Test
  fun shutdownWithoutEnqueue() {
    val server = MockWebServer()
    server.start()
    server.shutdown()
  }

  @Test
  fun portImplicitlyStarts() {

  val clientTestRule = OkHttpClientTestRule()
  private lateinit var server: MockWebServer
  private var client = clientTestRule.newClient()

  @BeforeEach
  fun setUp(server: MockWebServer) {
    this.server = server
  }

  @Test
  fun testNetscapeResponse() {
    val cookieManager = CookieManager(null, CookiePolicy.ACCEPT_ORIGINAL_SERVER)
    client =
      client.newBuilder()

  private var state = STATE_IDLE
  private val headersReader = HeadersReader(source)

  private val Response.isChunked: Boolean
    get() = "chunked".equals(header("Transfer-Encoding"), ignoreCase = true)

  private val Request.isChunked: Boolean
    get() = "chunked".equals(header("Transfer-Encoding"), ignoreCase = true)

  /**
   * Received trailers. Null unless the response body uses chunked transfer-encoding and includes

    headers: Headers,
    inFinished: Boolean,
  ) {
    lock.assertNotHeld()

    val open: Boolean
    this.withLock {
      if (!hasResponseHeaders ||
        headers[Header.RESPONSE_STATUS_UTF8] != null ||
        headers[Header.TARGET_METHOD_UTF8] != null
      ) {
        hasResponseHeaders = true
        headersQueue += headers
      } else {
        this.source.trailers = headers
      }

      // Read the header.
      val header = Buffer()
      fileOperator.read(0, header, FILE_HEADER_SIZE)
      val prefix = header.readByteString(PREFIX_CLEAN.size.toLong())
      if (prefix != PREFIX_CLEAN) throw IOException("unreadable cache file")
      val upstreamSize = header.readLong()
      val metadataSize = header.readLong()

      // Read the metadata.

 * the response, the client will issue a conditional `GET`. The server will then send either
 * the updated response if it has changed, or a short 'not modified' response if the client's copy
 * is still valid. Such responses increment both the network count and hit count.
 *
 * The best way to improve the cache hit rate is by configuring the web server to return cacheable

  private fun setLevel(level: Level) {
    networkInterceptor.setLevel(level)
    applicationInterceptor.setLevel(level)
  }

  @BeforeEach
  fun setUp(server: MockWebServer) {
    this.server = server
    client =
      OkHttpClient.Builder()
        .addNetworkInterceptor(
          Interceptor { chain ->
            when {