*       However, the precise conditions for skipping the copy operation are undefined.
 *   <li><b>Warning:</b> a view collection such as {@link ImmutableMap#keySet} or {@link
 *       ImmutableList#subList} may retain a reference to the entire data set, preventing it from
 *       being garbage collected. If some of the data is no longer reachable through other means,

    }

    /**
     * Null pointer scenario – calls on a null reference should raise
     * {@link NullPointerException}. This test is defensive; in real code it
     * would likely be handled elsewhere.
     */
    @Test
    @DisplayName("calling getters on null reference throws NPE")
    void testNullReference() {
        AllocInfo nullRef = null;

        map.put(keyOne, valueOne);
        ReferenceEntry<Object, Object> entry = segment.getEntry(keyOne, hashOne);

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Reference<Object> reference = (Reference<Object>) entry;
        reference.enqueue();

        map.put(keyTwo, valueTwo);
        assertFalse(map.containsKey(keyOne));
        assertFalse(map.containsValue(valueOne));

      }

      /*
       * If we're about to complete the TimeoutFuture, we want to release our reference to it.
       * Otherwise, we'll pin it (and its result) in memory until the timeout task is GCed. (The
       * need to clear our reference to the TimeoutFuture is the reason we use a *static* nested
       * class with a manual reference back to the "containing" class.)
       *

  private @Nullable Runnable setUp;
  private @Nullable Runnable tearDown;

  // public so that it can be referenced in generated GWT tests.
  @Override
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    if (setUp != null) {
      setUp.run();
    }
  }

  // public so that it can be referenced in generated GWT tests.
  @Override
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    if (tearDown != null) {

 * <i>similar</i>.
 *
 * <h3>Nullability</h3>
 *
 * <p>A converter always converts {@code null} to {@code null} and non-null references to non-null
 * references. It would not make sense to consider {@code null} and a non-null reference to be
 * "different representations of the same information", since one is distinguishable from

            assertNotNull(exception.toString());
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should handle circular reference in root cause")
        void testCircularReferenceInRootCause() {
            // Create a mock exception that could have circular reference
            Exception rootCause = mock(Exception.class);
            when(rootCause.getMessage()).thenReturn("Mocked exception");

   * direction," converting empty strings to {@code null}, you can use {@link #emptyToNull}.
   *
   * @param string a string reference to check
   * @return {@code true} if the string is null or is the empty string
   */
  public static boolean isNullOrEmpty(@Nullable String string) {
    return Platform.stringIsNullOrEmpty(string);
  }

  /**

    return warmUp(cache, WARMUP_MIN, WARMUP_MAX);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the entries that were added to the map, so they won't fall out of a map with weak or
   * soft references until the caller drops the reference to the returned entries.
   */
  private List<Entry<Object, Object>> warmUp(
      LoadingCache<Object, Object> cache, int minimum, int maximum) {

  // there needs to be separate classes for primary and descending multiset, where the primary one
  // would hold {@code @LazyInit @RetainedWith @Nullable} reference to its descending multiset, and
  // the other {@code final} reference.
  @Override
  public SortedMultiset<E> descendingMultiset() {
    UnmodifiableSortedMultiset<E> result = descendingMultiset;
    if (result == null) {