## 파이썬에서 환경 변수 읽기

파이썬 **바깥**인 터미널에서(다른 도구로도 가능) 환경 변수를 생성도 할 수도 있고, 이를 **파이썬에서 읽을 수 있습니다.**

예를 들어 다음과 같은 `main.py` 파일이 있다고 합시다:

```Python hl_lines="3"
import os

name = os.getenv("MY_NAME", "World")
print(f"Hello {name} from Python")
```

/// tip | 팁

<a href="https://docs.python.org/3.8/library/os.html#os.getenv" class="external-link" target="_blank">`os.getenv()`</a> 의 두 번째 인자는 반환할 기본값입니다.

          val cert = peerCertificates[0] as X509Certificate
          throw SSLPeerUnverifiedException(
            """
            |Hostname ${address.url.host} not verified:
            |    certificate: ${CertificatePinner.pin(cert)}
            |    DN: ${cert.subjectDN.name}
            |    subjectAltNames: ${OkHostnameVerifier.allSubjectAltNames(cert)}
            """.trimMargin(),
          )
        } else {

{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006.py hl[2:5,15,21] *}

{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006.py hl[2:5,15,21] *}

[système de fichiers](https://fess.codelibs.org/14.17/admin/fileconfig-guide.html), ou un [Data Store](https://fess.codelibs.org/14.17/admin/dataconfig-guide.html) (comme un fichier CSV ou une base de données). De nombreux formats de fichiers sont pris en charge, y compris (mais sans s'y limiter) : Microsoft Office, PDF, et zip.

*[Fess Site Search](https://github.com/codelibs/fess-site-search)* est une alternative gratuite à [Google Site Search](https://enterprise.google.com/search/products/gss.html)....

🚥 👆 💚 ⚙️ ⚠ ⤴️ ⏮️ 🎏 🔢 ⚠ 🐕‍🦺 ⚪️➡️ **FastAPI**, 👆 💪 🗄 & 🏤-⚙️ 🔢 ⚠ 🐕‍🦺 ⚪️➡️ `fastapi.exception_handlers`:

{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006.py hl[2:5,15,21] *}

{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial006.py hl[2:5,15,21] *}

-flexbox!important;display:inline-flex!important}}@media print{.d-print-none{display:none!important}.d-print-inline{display:inline!important}.d-print-inline-block{display:inline-block!important}.d-print-block{display:block!important}.d-print-table{display:table!important}.d-print-table-row{display:table-row!important}.d-print-table-cell{display:table-cell!important}.d-print-flex{display:-ms-flexbox!important;display:flex!important}.d-print-inline-flex{display:-ms-inline-flexbox!important;display...

    val certificates: List<Certificate> = listOf()
    certificatePinner.check("", listOf(certificate))
    certificatePinner.check("", arrayOf<Certificate>(certificate, certificate).toList())
    val pin: String = CertificatePinner.pin(certificate)
    val default: CertificatePinner = CertificatePinner.DEFAULT
  }

  @Test
  fun certificatePinnerBuilder() {
    val builder: CertificatePinner.Builder = CertificatePinner.Builder()

//// tab | Python 3.10+

Je kunt dezelfde ingebouwde types gebruiken als generics (met vierkante haakjes en types erin):

* `list`
* `tuple`
* `set`
* `dict`

Hetzelfde als bij Python 3.8, uit de `typing`-module:

* `Union`
* `Optional` (hetzelfde als bij Python 3.8)
* ...en anderen.