}

  @Override
  @CheckForNull
  public E higher(E element) {
    return forward.lower(element);
  }

  @Override
  int indexOf(@CheckForNull Object target) {
    int index = forward.indexOf(target);
    if (index == -1) {
      return index;
    } else {
      return size() - 1 - index;
    }
  }

  @Override
  boolean isPartialView() {

Você também pode criar cookies ao retornar uma `Response` diretamente no seu código.

Para fazer isso, você pode criar uma resposta como descrito em [Retornando uma Resposta Diretamente](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

Então, defina os cookies nela e a retorne:

```Python hl_lines="10-12"
{!../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial001.py!}
```

/// tip | Dica

Sie können Cookies auch erstellen, wenn Sie eine `Response` direkt in Ihrem Code zurückgeben.

Dazu können Sie eine Response erstellen, wie unter [Eine Response direkt zurückgeben](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank} beschrieben.

Setzen Sie dann Cookies darin und geben Sie sie dann zurück:

```Python hl_lines="10-12"
{!../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial001.py!}
```

/// tip | "Tipp"

<a href="https://www.starlette.io/background/" class="external-link" target="_blank">`Starlette의 공식 문서`</a>에서 백그라운드 작업에 대한 자세한 내용을 확인할 수 있습니다.

## 경고

만약 무거운 백그라운드 작업을 수행해야하고 동일한 프로세스에서 실행할 필요가 없는 경우 (예: 메모리, 변수 등을 공유할 필요가 없음) <a href="https://docs.celeryq.dev" class="external-link" target="_blank">`Celery`</a>와 같은 큰 도구를 사용하면 도움이 될 수 있습니다.

    * You can also add [`Security` dependencies with `scopes`](../advanced/security/oauth2-scopes.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

/// tip

  // must contain a non-empty list.
  // +optional
  optional bool clusterScope = 4;

  // `namespaces` is a list of target namespaces that restricts
  // matches.  A request that specifies a target namespace matches
  // only if either (a) this list contains that target namespace or
  // (b) this list contains "*".  Note that "*" matches any
  // specified namespace but does not match a request that _does

## Details zum `Request`-Objekt

Da **FastAPI** unter der Haube eigentlich **Starlette** ist, mit einer Ebene von mehreren Tools darüber, können Sie Starlette's <a href="https://www.starlette.io/requests/" class="external-link" target="_blank">`Request`</a>-Objekt direkt verwenden, wenn Sie es benötigen.

# 事件：启动 - 关闭

**FastAPI** 支持定义在应用启动前，或应用关闭后执行的事件处理器（函数）。

事件函数既可以声明为异步函数（`async def`），也可以声明为普通函数（`def`）。

/// warning | "警告"

**FastAPI** 只执行主应用中的事件处理器，不执行[子应用 - 挂载](sub-applications.md){.internal-link target=_blank}中的事件处理器。

///

## `startup` 事件

使用 `startup` 事件声明 `app` 启动前运行的函数：

```Python hl_lines="8"
{!../../docs_src/events/tutorial001.py!}
```

本例中，`startup` 事件处理器函数为项目数据库（只是**字典**）提供了一些初始值。

    * Você também pode adicionar [dependências de `Segurança` com `scopes`](../advanced/security/oauth2-scopes.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

/// tip | "Dica"

  // must contain a non-empty list.
  // +optional
  optional bool clusterScope = 4;

  // `namespaces` is a list of target namespaces that restricts
  // matches.  A request that specifies a target namespace matches
  // only if either (a) this list contains that target namespace or
  // (b) this list contains "*".  Note that "*" matches any
  // specified namespace but does not match a request that _does