assertEquals(0L, MemoryUtil.sizeOf(null));
    }

    public void test_sizeOf_stringVariations() {
        // Empty string
        assertEquals(56L, MemoryUtil.sizeOf(""));

        // Single character
        assertEquals(57L, MemoryUtil.sizeOf("a"));

        // Unicode characters
        assertEquals(58L, MemoryUtil.sizeOf("こん"));

        // Very long string

 * **RealConnection** is the socket and streams of an HTTP/1 or HTTP/2 connection. These are created on demand to fulfill HTTP requests. They may be reused for many HTTP request/response exchanges. Their lifetime is typically shorter than a connection pool.

 * **Exchange** carries a single HTTP request/response pair.

#   set -- "${ARGS[@]}" "$@"
#
# but POSIX shell has neither arrays nor command substitution, so instead we
# post-process each arg (as a line of input to sed) to backslash-escape any
# character that might be a shell metacharacter, then use eval to reverse
# that process (while maintaining the separation between arguments), and wrap
# the whole thing up as a single "set" statement.
#

			//
			// S3 uses B-encoding (Base64) for non-ASCII-heavy metadata and Q-encoding
			// (quoted-printable) for mostly ASCII strings. Long strings are split at word
			// boundaries to fit RFC 2047’s 75-character limit, ensuring HTTP parser
			// compatibility.
			//
			// However, this splitting increases header size and can introduce errors, unlike Go’s

0E01..0E32    ; valid                                  # 1.1  THAI CHARACTER KO KAI..THAI CHARACTER SARA AA
0E33          ; mapped                 ; 0E4D 0E32     # 1.1  THAI CHARACTER SARA AM
0E34..0E3A    ; valid                                  # 1.1  THAI CHARACTER SARA I..THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU
0E3B..0E3E    ; disallowed                             # NA   <reserved-0E3B>..<reserved-0E3E>

	for {
		b, err := cr.reader.ReadByte()
		if err == io.EOF {
			err = io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
		}
		if err != nil {
			cr.err = err
			return n, cr.err
		}
		if b == ';' { // separating character
			break
		}

		// Manually deserialize the size since AWS specified
		// the chunk size to be of variable width. In particular,
		// a size of 16 is encoded as `10` while a size of 64 KB
		// is `10000`.

        if (hasDot) {
          return null; // Colons must not appear after dots.
        }
        hasColon = true;
      } else if (c == '%') {
        percentIndex = i;
        break;
      } else if (Character.digit(c, 16) == -1) {
        return null; // Everything else must be a decimal or hex digit.
      }
    }

    // Now decide which address family to parse.
    if (hasColon) {
      if (hasDot) {

        .header("Accept-Charset", "UTF-8")
        .header("Accept-Encoding", "identity")
        .build()
    val response1 = client.newCall(request).execute()
    assertThat(response1.body.string()).isEqualTo("A")
    val request1 =
      Request
        .Builder()
        .url(url)
        .header("Accept-Language", "fr-CA")
        .header("Accept-Charset", "UTF-8")

This code is something you can actually use in your application, save the password hashes in your database, etc.

We are going to start from where we left in the previous chapter and increment it.

## About JWT { #about-jwt }

JWT means "JSON Web Tokens".

It's a standard to codify a JSON object in a long dense string without spaces. It looks like this:

```

      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all