}
        };
    AssertionError actual = null;
    try {
      tester.test();
    } catch (AssertionError e) {
      actual = e;
    }
    assertNotNull("verify() should be able to cause test failure", actual);
    assertTrue(
        "AssertionError should have info about why test failed",
        actual.getCause().getMessage().contains(message));
  }

  public void testMissingException() {

```console
$ fastapi dev main.py
```

But you would have to remember to pass the correct path every time you call the `fastapi` command.

Additionally, other tools might not be able to find it, for example the [VS Code Extension](editor-support.md) or [FastAPI Cloud](https://fastapicloud.com), so it is recommended to use the `entrypoint` in `pyproject.toml`.

## `fastapi dev` { #fastapi-dev }

This way, you can do the upgrade and make sure everything is still working as expected.

## `bump-pydantic` { #bump-pydantic }

In many cases, when you use regular Pydantic models without customizations, you will be able to automate most of the process of migrating from Pydantic v1 to Pydantic v2.

You can use [`bump-pydantic`](https://github.com/pydantic/bump-pydantic) from the same Pydantic team.

While there are competing ways to represent absence (`Optional`, "Null Object" pattern, method overloads),
it is unlikely that we'll be able to remove `null` entirely.

After migrating to Java 8, we can use pluggable type checkers to ensure that our annotations are consistent, 
and there are no missing null checks.

## Decision

     * called right before the actual version/artifactScope changes were done. However, a different set of conditionals
     * (and more information) is needed to be able to determine when and if the version and/or artifactScope changes.
     * See the two added methods, manageArtifactVersion and manageArtifactScope.
     */
    @Override

    assertEquals(null, navigableSet.higher(c));
  }

  /*
   * TODO(cpovirk): make "too small" and "too large" elements available for better navigation
   * testing. At that point, we may be able to eliminate the "hole" tests, which would mean that
   * ContiguousSet's tests would no longer need to suppress them.
   */
  @CollectionSize.Require(SEVERAL)
  public void testLower() {

## Number validations: floats, greater than and less than { #number-validations-floats-greater-than-and-less-than }

Number validations also work for `float` values.

Here's where it becomes important to be able to declare <abbr title="greater than"><code>gt</code></abbr> and not just <abbr title="greater than or equal"><code>ge</code></abbr>. As with it you can require, for example, that a value must be greater than `0`, even if it is less than `1`.

        void testIsIOException() {
            TransportException exception = new TransportException("Test");

            assertTrue(exception instanceof IOException);

            // Should be able to assign to IOException variable
            IOException ioException = exception;
            assertNotNull(ioException);
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should work in catch blocks for IOException")

    private final BigArrays bigArrays = new BigArrays(recycler, null, "REQUEST");

    /**
     * Force loading all of the implementations just for extra paranoia's sake.
     * We really don't want the JVM to be able to eliminate one of them just
     * because we don't use it in the particular benchmark. That is totally a
     * thing it'd do. It is sneaky.
     */
    @Setup
    public void forceLoadClasses(Blackhole bh) {

   * than a one-character array containing the character itself. This enables the escaping algorithm
   * to perform more efficiently.
   *
   * <p>An escaper is expected to be able to deal with any {@code char} value, so this method should
   * not throw any exceptions.
   *
   * @param c the character to escape if necessary
   * @return the replacement characters, or {@code null} if no escaping was needed