* href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/GraphsExplained#definitions">definitions of
 * terms</a>):
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li>directed graphs
 *   <li>undirected graphs
 *   <li>graphs that do/don't allow parallel edges
 *   <li>graphs that do/don't allow self-loops
 *   <li>graphs whose nodes/edges are insertion-ordered, sorted, or unordered
 *   <li>graphs whose edges are unique objects
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h3>Building a {@code Network}</h3>

	// The C preprocessor treats
	//	#define A(x)
	// and
	//	#define A (x)
	// distinctly: the first is a macro with arguments, the second without.
	// Distinguish these cases using the column number, since we don't
	// see the space itself. Note that text/scanner reports the position at the
	// end of the token. It's where you are now, and you just read this token.
	if tok == '(' && in.Stack.Col() == prevCol+1 {

          return;
        }
        try {
          thrown.addSuppressed(suppressed);
        } catch (Throwable e) {
          /*
           * A Throwable is very unlikely, but we really don't want to throw from a Suppressor, so
           * we catch everything. (Any Exception is either a RuntimeException or
           * sneaky checked exception.) With no better options, we log anything to the same

	// We will get an event every time the pod changes. The repair is not instantaneous, though -- it will only recover
	// once the pod restarts (in CrashLoopBackoff), which can take some time.
	// We don't want to constantly try to apply the iptables rules, which is unneeded and will fail.
	// Instead, we track which UIDs we repaired and skip them if already repaired.
	//

    }

    /** Creates a new builder with an expected size. */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Builder(Comparator<? super E> comparator, int expectedSize) {
      super(true); // don't construct guts of hash-based set builder
      this.comparator = checkNotNull(comparator);
      this.elements = (E[]) new Object[expectedSize];
      this.n = 0;
    }

    @Override
    void copy() {

### Just Modern Python

It's all based on standard **Python type** declarations (thanks to Pydantic). No new syntax to learn. Just standard modern Python.

If you need a 2 minute refresher of how to use Python types (even if you don't use FastAPI), check the short tutorial: [Python Types](python-types.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

You write standard Python with types:

```Python
from datetime import date

from pydantic import BaseModel

{!../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial001.py!}
```

### Raise an `HTTPException` in your code

`HTTPException` is a normal Python exception with additional data relevant for APIs.

Because it's a Python exception, you don't `return` it, you `raise` it.

#                                      Application Exception
#                                      ---------------------
# /- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# five framework-embedded messages (don't change key names)
# - - - - - - - - - -/
errors.login.failure=Login failed.
errors.app.illegal.transition=Please retry because of illegal transition.
errors.app.db.already.deleted=others might be updated, so retry.

#                                      Application Exception
#                                      ---------------------
# /- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# five framework-embedded messages (don't change key names)
# - - - - - - - - - -/
errors.login.failure=Login failed.
errors.app.illegal.transition=Please retry because of illegal transition.
errors.app.db.already.deleted=others might be updated, so retry.

import java.net.URL
import okhttp3.HttpUrl.Companion.toHttpUrl
import okhttp3.HttpUrl.Companion.toHttpUrlOrNull
import okhttp3.testing.PlatformRule
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test

@Suppress("HttpUrlsUsage") // Don't warn if we should be using https://.
open class HttpUrlJvmTest {
  val platform = PlatformRule()

  /** This one's ugly: the HttpUrl's host is non-empty, but the URI's host is null. */
  @Test