// Act & Assert
            assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> resp.readBytesWireFormat(null, 0));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Insufficient buffer causes ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException")
        void shortBuffer_throwsAIOOBE() {
            // Arrange: length 1 means readInt2 will access index 1 and fail
            byte[] buffer = new byte[1];

        }
    }

    @Override
    public void omitForCycle(Artifact omitted) {
        logger.debug(indent + omitted + " (removed - causes a cycle in the graph)");
    }

    @Override
    public void updateScopeCurrentPom(Artifact artifact, String ignoredScope) {

        assertEquals(rootCause, withCauseException.getRootCause());
        assertEquals(withCauseException.getCause(), withCauseException.getRootCause());

        // Test with nested causes
        RuntimeException middleCause = new RuntimeException("Middle", rootCause);
        TransportException nestedCauseException = new TransportException("Nested", middleCause);

        GsaConfigException exception = new GsaConfigException(message, cause);

        assertNotNull(exception.getStackTrace());
        assertTrue(exception.getStackTrace().length > 0);

        // Verify cause's stack trace is also preserved
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause().getStackTrace());
        assertTrue(exception.getCause().getStackTrace().length > 0);
    }

    public void test_multiLevelCause() {

                "System.arraycopy should throw for insufficient destination space");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("encode() throws when dstIndex causes overflow")
    void encodeThrowsWhenDstIndexCausesOverflow() {
        byte[] src = makeSeq(5);
        Encodable enc = new ByteEncodable(src, 0, 5);

     */
    @Test
    void testGetMessageByDcerpcError_largerThanAny() {
        int unknownCode = 0x7FFFFFFF; // Max int value

        // The current implementation has a bug in the binary search that causes ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
        assertThrows(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> {
            DcerpcException.getMessageByDcerpcError(unknownCode);

				// when Writes() scale higher than Reads()
				// - practically speaking this never happens
				// and should never happen - however it has
				// been seen recently due to hardware issues
				// causes Reads() to go slower than Writes().
				//
				// Send such results anyways as this shall
				// expose a problem underneath.
				if totalPut > throughputHighestPut {
					throughputHighestResults = results

                    return (int) misses.incrementAndGet();
                  }
                });

    // To start, fill up the cache.
    // Each miss both increments the counter and causes the map to grow by one,
    // so until evictions begin, the size of the map is the greatest return
    // value seen so far
    while (cache.getUnchecked(nextRandomKey()) < maximumSize) {}

    requests.set(0);

        assertEquals(longMessage, exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    public void test_getCause_withNestedExceptions() {
        // Test deeply nested exception causes
        Exception level3 = new Exception("Level 3: Database connection failed");
        Exception level2 = new Exception("Level 2: User lookup failed", level3);

            expected = NtStatus.NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
        }
        assertEquals(expected, ex.getNtStatus(), "Status should match mapping or fallback");
    }

    /**
     * Verify that root causes are stored and returned correctly.
     */
    @Test
    @DisplayName("Root cause propagation")
    void testRootCausePropagation() {
        Throwable root = mock(Throwable.class);