Create functions with a name that starts with `test_` (this is standard `pytest` conventions).

Use the `TestClient` object the same way as you do with `httpx`.

Write simple `assert` statements with the standard Python expressions that you need to check (again, standard `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip

Notice that the testing functions are normal `def`, not `async def`.

## Mounting a **FastAPI** application { #mounting-a-fastapi-application }

"Mounting" means adding a completely "independent" application in a specific path, that then takes care of handling everything under that path, with the _path operations_ declared in that sub-application.

### Top-level application { #top-level-application }

First, create the main, top-level, **FastAPI** application, and its *path operations*:

Note that the go_darwin_$GOARCH_exec wrapper uninstalls any existing app identified by
the bundle id before installing a new app. If the uninstalled app is the last app by
the developer identity, the device might also remove the permission to run apps from
that developer, and the exec wrapper will fail to install the new app. To avoid that,

    Optional<Path> getPomFile();

    /**
     * Gets the project that was built.
     *
     * @return The project that was built or {@code null} if an error occurred and this result accompanies a
     *         {@link ProjectBuilderException}.
     */
    @Nonnull
    Optional<Project> getProject();

    /**
     * Gets the problems that were encountered during the project building.
     *

  /**
   * Adds {@code equalityGroup} with objects that are supposed to be equal to each other and not
   * equal to any other equality groups added to this tester.
   *
   * <p>The {@code @Nullable} annotations on the {@code equalityGroup} parameter imply that the
   * objects, and the array itself, can be null. That is for programmer convenience, when the
   * objects come from factory methods that are themselves {@code @Nullable}. In reality neither the

The result will be discarded.

### Typed handlers

Typed handlers are handlers that have a specific type for the request and response payloads.
These must provide `msgp` serialization and deserialization.

In the examples we use a `MSS` type, which is a `map[string]string` that is `msgp` serializable.

```go
    handler := func(request *grid.MSS) (*grid.MSS, *grid.RemoteErr) {

                    corresponding JSON.
                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have

            if (o instanceof CacheKey that) {
                return CacheUtils.pluginEquals(plugin, that.plugin)
                        && Objects.equals(workspace, that.workspace)
                        && Objects.equals(localRepo, that.localRepo)
                        && RepositoryUtils.repositoriesEquals(repositories, that.repositories)
                        && Objects.equals(filter, that.filter);
            } else {

1. The id_token is an identifier that is hard to guess. For example, a randomly generated string of sufficient length, that the server handling the protected resource can use to lookup the associated authorization information.
2. The id_token self-contains the authorization information in a manner that can be verified. For example, by encoding authorization information along with a signature into the token.

// globalLockGrid is the global lock grid manager.
var globalLockGrid atomic.Pointer[grid.Manager]

// globalGridStart is a channel that will block startup of grid connections until closed.
var globalGridStart = make(chan struct{})

// globalLockGridStart is a channel that will block startup of lock grid connections until closed.
var globalLockGridStart = make(chan struct{})