from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
def create_item(item: Item):
    return item


@app.get("/items/")
def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(
            name="Portal Gun",

from typing import List

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal

app = FastAPI()


class FilterParams(BaseModel):
    limit: int = Field(100, gt=0, le=100)
    offset: int = Field(0, ge=0)
    order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"] = "created_at"
    tags: List[str] = []


@app.get("/items/")

为此，要在 `with` 语句中使用 `TestClient` 连接 WebSocket。

```Python hl_lines="27-31"
{!../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial002.py!}
```

/// note | "笔记"

更多细节详见 <a href="https://www.starlette.io/testclient/#testing-websocket-sessions" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette 官档 - 测试 WebSockets</a>。

 * timeout elapses, and only then re-interrupts the thread.
 *
 * @author Anthony Zana
 * @since 10.0
 */
@GwtCompatible(emulated = true)
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault
public final class Uninterruptibles {

  // Implementation Note: As of 3-7-11, the logic for each blocking/timeout
  // methods is identical, save for method being invoked.

 * @author Jared Levy
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 * @since 7.0
 */
@GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault
public class TreeBasedTable<R, C, V> extends StandardRowSortedTable<R, C, V> {
  private final Comparator<? super C> columnComparator;

  private static class Factory<C, V> implements Supplier<Map<C, V>>, Serializable {
    final Comparator<? super C> comparator;

    Factory(Comparator<? super C> comparator) {

import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/**
 * Provides utility methods for working with character streams.
 *
 * <p>Some of the methods in this class take arguments with a generic type of {@code Readable &
 * Closeable}. A {@link java.io.Reader} implements both of those interfaces. Similarly for {@code
 * Appendable & Closeable} and {@link java.io.Writer}.
 *

 * basic statistics over all the values added so far. This class is not thread safe.
 *
 * @author Pete Gillin
 * @since 20.0
 */
@J2ktIncompatible
@GwtIncompatible
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault
public final class PairedStatsAccumulator {

  // These fields must satisfy the requirements of PairedStats' constructor as well as those of the
  // stat methods of this class.

app = FastAPI()


data = {
    "plumbus": {"description": "Freshly pickled plumbus", "owner": "Morty"},
    "portal-gun": {"description": "Gun to create portals", "owner": "Rick"},
}


class OwnerError(Exception):
    pass


def get_username():
    try:
        yield "Rick"
    except OwnerError as e:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Owner error: {e}")

from typing import Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
async def create_item(item: Item):
    """
    Create an item with all the information:

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post(
    "/items/",
    response_model=Item,
    summary="Create an item",
    response_description="The created item",
)
async def create_item(item: Item):
    """