*
 * <ul>
 *   <li>(1) "no" and (2) "no", use {@link #forGraph(SuccessorsFunction)}.
 *   <li>(1) "yes" and (2) "yes", use {@link #forTree(SuccessorsFunction)}.
 *   <li>(1) "yes" and (2) "no", you can use either, but {@code forTree()} will be more efficient.
 *   <li>(1) "no" and (2) "yes", <b><i>neither will work</i></b>, but if you transform your node
 *       objects into a non-recursive form, you can use {@code forGraph()}.
 * </ul>
 *

    }

    @Override
    public V replace(final K key, final V value) {
        // use original key
        return parent.replace(key, value);
    }

    @Override
    public V computeIfAbsent(final K key, final Function<? super K, ? extends V> mappingFunction) {
        // use original key
        return parent.computeIfAbsent(key, mappingFunction);
    }

    @Override

    /**
     * Gets the system properties to use for interpolation. The system properties are collected from the runtime
     * environment like {@link System#getProperties()} and environment variables.
     *
     * @return The system properties, never {@code null}.
     */
    Properties getSystemProperties();

    /**

This is just a **quick tutorial / refresher** about Python type hints. It covers only the minimum necessary to use them with **FastAPI**... which is actually very little.

**FastAPI** is all based on these type hints, they give it many advantages and benefits.

But even if you never use **FastAPI**, you would benefit from learning a bit about them.

/// note

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 Square, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

   * find it when available. When this is null, use the slow way.
   */
  @J2ktIncompatible @GwtIncompatible // java.lang.reflect
  private static final @Nullable Method getStackTraceElementMethod =
      (jla == null) ? null : getGetMethod();

  /**
   * The "getStackTraceDepth" method, only available on some JDKs so we use reflection to find it

<img src="/img/tutorial/query-param-models/image01.png">
</div>

## Forbid Extra Query Parameters { #forbid-extra-query-parameters }

In some special use cases (probably not very common), you might want to **restrict** the query parameters that you want to receive.

You can use Pydantic's model configuration to `forbid` any `extra` fields:

{* ../../docs_src/query_param_models/tutorial002_an_py310.py hl[10] *}

        .put(path.asRequestBody(fileSystem, MEDIA_TYPE_JSON))
        .build()

    client.newCall(request).execute().use { response ->
      if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response")

      fileSystem.sink(path).use {
        response.body.source().readAll(it)
      }

      println(fileSystem.source(path).buffer().readUtf8())
    }
  }

  companion object {

   * throws a {@link NullPointerException}.
   *
   * <p>To find the first non-null element in an iterable, use {@code Iterables.find(iterable,
   * Predicates.notNull())}. For varargs, use {@code Iterables.find(Arrays.asList(a, b, c, ...),
   * Predicates.notNull())}, static importing as necessary.
   *

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2019 Square, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,