///

/// note | "Technical Details"

You could also use `from starlette.testclient import TestClient`.

**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.testclient` as `fastapi.testclient` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But it comes directly from Starlette.

///

/// tip

![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)

### Faite en python moderne

Tout est basé sur la déclaration de type standard de **Python 3.8** (grâce à Pydantic). Pas de nouvelles syntaxes à apprendre. Juste du Python standard et moderne.

// that pass integers back and forth.  No actual
// concurrency, just threads and synchronization
// and foreign code on multiple pthreads.

package main

import (
	big "."
	"runtime"
)

func fibber(c chan *big.Int, out chan string, n int64) {
	// Keep the fibbers in dedicated operating system
	// threads, so that this program tests coordination
	// between pthreads and not just goroutines.
	runtime.LockOSThread()

## Why is MinIO cloud-native?

Each "scope" is just a string (without spaces).

They are normally used to declare specific security permissions, for example:

* `users:read` or `users:write` are common examples.
* `instagram_basic` is used by Facebook / Instagram.
* `https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive` is used by Google.

/// info

In OAuth2 a "scope" is just a string that declares a specific permission required.

          + "quis in augue. Suspendisse id dui in lorem tristique placerat eget vel risus. Sed "
          + "metus neque, scelerisque in molestie ac, mattis quis lectus. Pellentesque viverra "
          + "justo commodo quam bibendum ut gravida leo accumsan. Nullam malesuada sagittis diam, "
          + "quis suscipit mauris euismod vulputate. Pellentesque ultrices tellus sed lorem "

## Response with arbitrary `dict`

You can also declare a response using a plain arbitrary `dict`, declaring just the type of the keys and values, without using a Pydantic model.

This is useful if you don't know the valid field/attribute names (that would be needed for a Pydantic model) beforehand.

In this case, you can use `typing.Dict` (or just `dict` in Python 3.9 and above):

//// tab | Python 3.9+

```Python hl_lines="6"

![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)

### Just Modern Python

It's all based on standard **Python type** declarations (thanks to Pydantic). No new syntax to learn. Just standard modern Python.

That doesn't add any extra security to your API, the *path operations* will still be available where they are.

If there's a security flaw in your code, it will still exist.

Si vous ne voulez pas leur donner de valeur par défaut mais juste les rendre optionnels, utilisez `None` comme valeur par défaut.

Mais si vous voulez rendre un paramètre de requête obligatoire, vous pouvez juste ne pas y affecter de valeur par défaut :

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial005.py hl[6:7] *}