Also, before that, in previous versions, the `request` object was passed as part of the key-value pairs in the context for Jinja2.

///

/// tip

By declaring `response_class=HTMLResponse` the docs UI will be able to know that the response will be HTML.

///

/// note | Technical Details

You could also use `from starlette.templating import Jinja2Templates`.

Deklarieren wir also `tags` als Set von Strings.

{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial003_py310.py hl[12] *}

Jetzt, selbst wenn Sie einen Request mit duplizierten Daten erhalten, werden diese zu einem Set eindeutiger Dinge konvertiert.

Und wann immer Sie diese Daten ausgeben, selbst wenn die Quelle Duplikate hatte, wird es als Set von eindeutigen Dingen ausgegeben.

Including external libraries also based on Pydantic, as <abbr title="Object-Relational Mapper">ORM</abbr>s, <abbr title="Object-Document Mapper">ODM</abbr>s for databases.

Um Header zu deklarieren, müssen Sie `Header` verwenden, da diese Parameter sonst als Query-Parameter interpretiert werden würden.

///

## Automatische Konvertierung

`Header` hat weitere Funktionalität, zusätzlich zu der, die `Path`, `Query` und `Cookie` bereitstellen.

Die meisten Standard-Header benutzen als Trennzeichen einen Bindestrich, auch bekannt als das „Minus-Symbol“ (`-`).

Let's take this application as example:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial001_py310.py hl[7] *}

The query parameter `q` is of type `str | None`, that means that it's of type `str` but could also be `None`, and indeed, the default value is `None`, so FastAPI will know it's not required.

/// note

FastAPI will know that the value of `q` is not required because of the default value `= None`.

      clientWriter.writeClose(98724976, "Hello".encodeUtf8())
    }.also { expected ->
      assertThat(expected.message).isEqualTo("Code must be in range [1000,5000): 98724976")
    }
  }

  @Test fun closeReservedThrows() {
    assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
      clientWriter.writeClose(1005, "Hello".encodeUtf8())
    }.also { expected ->

        .post(sleepingRequestBody(500))
        .build()
    val call = client.newCall(request)
    call.timeout().timeout(250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
    assertFailsWith<IOException> {
      call.execute()
    }.also { expected ->
      assertThat(expected.message).isEqualTo("timeout")
      assertThat(call.isCanceled()).isTrue()
    }
  }

  @Test
  fun timeoutWritingRequestWithEnqueue() {
    server.enqueue(MockResponse())

# GraphQL { #graphql }

As **FastAPI** is based on the **ASGI** standard, it's very easy to integrate any **GraphQL** library also compatible with ASGI.

You can combine normal FastAPI *path operations* with GraphQL on the same application.

/// tip

**GraphQL** solves some very specific use cases.

It has **advantages** and **disadvantages** when compared to common **web APIs**.

    assertThat(request.tag(Any::class.java)).isNull()
    assertThat(request.tag(UUID::class.java)).isNull()
    assertThat(request.tag(String::class.java)).isNull()

    // Alternate access APIs also work.
    assertThat(request.tag<String>()).isNull()
    assertThat(request.tag(String::class)).isNull()
  }

  @Test
  fun defaultTag() {
    val tag = UUID.randomUUID()
    val request =

///

This is of course not the frontend for the final users, but it's a great automatic tool to document interactively all your API.

It can be used by the frontend team (that can also be yourself).

It can be used by third party applications and systems.

And it can also be used by yourself, to debug, check and test the same application.

## The `password` flow { #the-password-flow }

Now let's go back a bit and understand what is all that.