byte[] rawBytes = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04 }; // Represents 0x04030201 (little-endian)
        AvFlags avFlags = new AvFlags(rawBytes);
        assertNotNull(avFlags, "AvFlags object should not be null");
        assertEquals(0x04030201, avFlags.getFlags(), "Flags should match the raw bytes (little-endian)");

        // Test with zero
        byte[] zeroBytes = new byte[] { 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };

     * @return the short value in little-endian format
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public short readShort() throws IOException {
        align(2);
        return Short.reverseBytes(this.dis.readShort());
    }

    /**
     * Reads a 32-bit integer value with proper alignment and byte order.
     * @return the integer value in little-endian format

        String msg = "\u00A1\u00A2"; // two Unicode characters
        byte[] encoded = encodeUnicode(msg);
        assertEquals(4, encoded.length, "Encoded Unicode string should be 4 bytes");

        // Verify little-endian encoding
        assertEquals((byte) 0xA1, encoded[0], "First byte of first character");
        assertEquals((byte) 0x00, encoded[1], "Second byte of first character");

  }

  public void testReadLittleEndian() throws IOException {
    DataInput in = new LittleEndianDataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data));

    /* Read in various values in LITTLE ENDIAN FORMAT */
    byte[] b = new byte[2];
    in.readFully(b);
    assertEquals(-100, b[0]);
    assertEquals(100, b[1]);
    assertEquals(true, in.readBoolean());
    assertEquals(false, in.readBoolean());

        setPrivateField(cmd, "maxReferralLevel", 0x12AB);
        byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
        int len = cmd.writeParametersWireFormat(buffer, 0);
        assertTrue(len >= 2);
        // writeInt2 writes in little-endian format (LSB first)
        assertEquals(0xAB, buffer[0] & 0xFF);
        assertEquals(0x12, buffer[1] & 0xFF);
        // Check that the path is written after the referral level

        assertEquals((byte) 0x00, buf[1], "second byte should be zero");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("writeParametersWireFormat writes the information level as 2-byte little endian")
    void testWriteParametersWireFormat() {
        int level = 0x1234;
        Trans2QueryFSInformation cmd = new Trans2QueryFSInformation(level);
        byte[] buf = newBuffer(10);

        decoded.decode(buf);
        assertEquals(expected, decoded.value, "decoded value should match original after masking");
    }

    /**
     * Verify that encode writes the correct little-endian sequence
     * to the buffer and that alignment is respected.
     */
    @Test
    void encodeWritesCorrectBytesAndAlignment() throws NdrException {
        NdrShort ns = new NdrShort(0xABCD); // value & 0xFF => 0xCD

  /**
   * Returns a hash function implementing the <a
   * href="https://github.com/aappleby/smhasher/blob/master/src/MurmurHash3.cpp">32-bit murmur3
   * algorithm, x86 variant</a> (little-endian variant), using the given seed value, <b>with a known
   * bug</b> as described in the deprecation text.
   *
   * <p>The C++ equivalent is the MurmurHash3_x86_32 function (Murmur3A), which however does not

        buf.enc_ndr_small(5); /* RPC version */
        buf.enc_ndr_small(0); /* minor version */
        buf.enc_ndr_small(this.ptype);
        buf.enc_ndr_small(this.flags);
        buf.enc_ndr_long(0x00000010); /* Little-endian / ASCII / IEEE */
        buf.enc_ndr_short(this.length);
        buf.enc_ndr_short(0); /* length of auth_value */
        buf.enc_ndr_long(this.call_id);
    }

<img src="/img/tutorial/security/image01.png">

/// check | Authorize button!

You already have a shiny new "Authorize" button.

And your *path operation* has a little lock in the top-right corner that you can click.

///

And if you click it, you have a little authorization form to type a `username` and `password` (and other optional fields):

<img src="/img/tutorial/security/image02.png">

/// note