{Name: "subquery_raw_4", Age: 40},
	}
	DB.Create(&users)

	var count int64
	err := DB.Raw("select count(*) from (?) tmp where 1 = ? AND name IN (?)", DB.Raw("select name from users where age >= ? and name in (?)", 10, []string{"subquery_raw_1", "subquery_raw_2", "subquery_raw_3"}), 1, DB.Raw("select name from users where age >= ? and name in (?)", 20, []string{"subquery_raw_1", "subquery_raw_2", "subquery_raw_3"})).Scan(&count).Error

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class FormData(BaseModel):
    username: str
    password: str


@app.post("/login/")
async def login(data: Annotated[FormData, Form()]):

from typing import Annotated, Literal

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class FilterParams(BaseModel):
    limit: int = Field(100, gt=0, le=100)
    offset: int = Field(0, ge=0)
    order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"] = "created_at"
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(filter_query: Annotated[FilterParams, Query()]):

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class JsonApiResponse(JSONResponse):
    media_type = "application/vnd.api+json"


class Error(BaseModel):
    status: str
    title: str


class JsonApiError(BaseModel):
    errors: list[Error]


@app.get(
    "/a",
    status_code=204,

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class SubModel(BaseModel):
    a: Optional[str] = "foo"


class Model(BaseModel):
    x: Optional[int] = None
    sub: SubModel


class ModelSubclass(Model):
    y: int
    z: int = 0
    w: Optional[int] = None


class ModelDefaults(BaseModel):

import pytest
from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException
from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from starlette.responses import JSONResponse


def http_exception_handler(request, exception):
    return JSONResponse({"exception": "http-exception"})


def request_validation_exception_handler(request, exception):
    return JSONResponse({"exception": "request-validation"})

///

## Exclude from OpenAPI { #exclude-from-openapi }

To exclude a *path operation* from the generated OpenAPI schema (and thus, from the automatic documentation systems), use the parameter `include_in_schema` and set it to `False`:

{* ../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial003_py39.py hl[6] *}

## Advanced description from docstring { #advanced-description-from-docstring }

        client.websocket_connect("/ws/5678") as connection_two,
    ):
        connection.send_text("Hello from 1234")
        data1 = connection.receive_text()
        assert data1 == "You wrote: Hello from 1234"
        data2 = connection_two.receive_text()
        client1_says = "Client #1234 says: Hello from 1234"
        assert data2 == client1_says
        data1 = connection.receive_text()
        assert data1 == client1_says

from datetime import datetime
from typing import Union

from pydantic import BaseModel


class User(BaseModel):
    id: int
    name: str = "John Doe"
    signup_ts: Union[datetime, None] = None
    friends: list[int] = []


external_data = {
    "id": "123",
    "signup_ts": "2017-06-01 12:22",
    "friends": [1, "2", b"3"],
}
user = User(**external_data)
print(user)

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    size: float


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item: