assertTrue(item + " must not be Object#equals to null", !item.equals(null));
      assertTrue(
          item + " must not be Object#equals to an arbitrary object of another class",
          !item.equals(NotAnInstance.EQUAL_TO_NOTHING));
      assertTrue(item + " must be Object#equals to itself", item.equals(item));
      assertEquals(
          "the Object#hashCode of " + item + " must be consistent",
          item.hashCode(),

   * nullness analysis might not understand that the field has been populated. To avoid that problem
   * without having to add {@code @SuppressWarnings}, the code can call this method.
   *
   * <p>Why <i>not</i> just add {@code SuppressWarnings}? The problem is that this method is
   * typically useful for {@code return} statements. That leaves the code with two options: Either

In some special use cases (probably not very common), you might want to **restrict** the cookies that you want to receive.

Your API now has the power to control its own <abbr title="This is a joke, just in case. It has nothing to do with cookie consents, but it's funny that even the API can now reject the poor cookies. Have a cookie. 🍪">cookie consent</abbr>. 🤪🍪

import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * A {@link Future} implementation which always throws directly from calls to {@code get()} (i.e.
 * not wrapped in {@code ExecutionException}. For just a normal failure, use {@link
 * SettableFuture}).
 *
 * <p>Useful for testing the behavior of Future utilities against odd futures.
 *
 * @author Anthony Zana
 */
@GwtCompatible
@NullUnmarked

  public HashCode hash() {
    return hasher.hash();
  }

  // Overriding close() because FilterOutputStream's close() method pre-JDK8 has bad behavior:
  // it silently ignores any exception thrown by flush(). Instead, just close the delegate stream.
  // It should flush itself if necessary.
  @Override
  public void close() throws IOException {
    out.close();
  }

<img src="/img/tutorial/path-params/image01.png">

/// check

Again, just with that same Python type declaration, **FastAPI** gives you automatic, interactive documentation (integrating Swagger UI).

Notice that the path parameter is declared to be an integer.

///

/**
 * A {@link Collection} whose contents will never change, and which offers a few additional
 * guarantees detailed below.
 *
 * <p><b>Warning:</b> avoid <i>direct</i> usage of {@link ImmutableCollection} as a type (just as
 * with {@link Collection} itself). Prefer subtypes such as {@link ImmutableSet} or {@link
 * ImmutableList}, which have well-defined {@link #equals} semantics, thus avoiding a common source
 * of bugs and confusion.
 *

      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
    return delegate.invokeAny(wrapTasks(tasks), timeout, unit);
  }

  // The remaining methods just delegate.

  @Override
  public final void shutdown() {
    delegate.shutdown();
  }

  @Override
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  public final List<Runnable> shutdownNow() {

        this.service = service;
        command = SMB_COM_TREE_CONNECT_ANDX;
    }

    @Override
    int getBatchLimit(final byte command) {
        final int c = command & 0xFF;
        // why isn't this just return batchLimits[c]?
        switch (c) {
        case SMB_COM_CHECK_DIRECTORY:
            return batchLimits[0];
        case SMB_COM_CREATE_DIRECTORY:
            return batchLimits[2];
        case SMB_COM_DELETE:

**FastAPI** provides several middlewares in `fastapi.middleware` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available middlewares come directly from Starlette.

///

## `HTTPSRedirectMiddleware` { #httpsredirectmiddleware }

Enforces that all incoming requests must either be `https` or `wss`.

Any incoming request to `http` or `ws` will be redirected to the secure scheme instead.