assertEquals(0, SMBUtil.readInt2(buffer, offset + 2));

        // Verify Reserved (4 bytes at offset+4, should be 0)
        assertEquals(0, SMBUtil.readInt4(buffer, offset + 4));

        // Verify file ID is copied correctly (16 bytes starting at offset+8)
        byte[] copiedFileId = new byte[16];
        System.arraycopy(buffer, offset + 8, copiedFileId, 0, 16);
        assertArrayEquals(testFileId, copiedFileId);
    }

        // Prepare minimal buffer
        byte[] buffer = new byte[24];

        // Test with offset 0
        int bytesDecoded = response.decode(buffer, 0, 24);
        assertEquals(24, bytesDecoded, "Should return 24 bytes consumed from offset 0");

        // Test with different offset
        response = new ValidateNegotiateInfoResponse();
        buffer = new byte[50];

        assertEquals(9, SMBUtil.readInt2(buffer, offset));

        // Verify tree flags (0)
        assertEquals(0, SMBUtil.readInt2(buffer, offset + 2));

        // Verify path length
        assertEquals(pathBytes.length, SMBUtil.readInt2(buffer, offset + 6));

        // Verify path content
        byte[] actualPath = new byte[pathBytes.length];
        System.arraycopy(buffer, offset + 8, actualPath, 0, pathBytes.length);

    void testReadSetupWireFormatVariousParams() {
        // Test with different buffer sizes and offsets
        int[][] testCases = { { 0, 50 }, // No offset, 50 bytes
                { 10, 90 }, // 10 byte offset, 90 bytes
                { 50, 50 }, // 50 byte offset, 50 bytes
                { 0, 0 }, // Empty buffer
                { 100, 100 } // Large values
        };

        for (int[] testCase : testCases) {

  /** Private constructor for built-in DiscreteDomains supporting fast offset. */
  private DiscreteDomain(boolean supportsFastOffset) {
    this.supportsFastOffset = supportsFastOffset;
  }

  /**
   * Returns, conceptually, "origin + distance", or equivalently, the result of calling {@link
   * #next} on {@code origin} {@code distance} times.
   */
  C offset(C origin, long distance) {
    C current = origin;

        byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
        int bytesWritten = request.writeBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0);

        assertTrue(bytesWritten > 0);

        // Verify name length field at offset 46 (after 44 bytes of fixed fields + 2 for name offset)
        byte[] nameBytes = longPath.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_16LE);
        int nameLenInBuffer = (buffer[46] & 0xFF) | ((buffer[47] & 0xFF) << 8);

        // Execute the method with offset
        int bytesWritten = transaction.writeParameterWordsWireFormat(dst, startOffset);

        // Verify the bytes written
        assertTrue(bytesWritten > 0);

        // Verify data is written at correct offset
        assertEquals(3, dst[startOffset]);

        // Verify total parameter count at correct offset

    return 0;
  }

  @Override
  int internalArrayEnd() {
    return elements.length;
  }

  @Override
  int copyIntoArray(@Nullable Object[] dst, int offset) {
    arraycopy(elements, 0, dst, offset, elements.length);
    return offset + elements.length;
  }

  @Override
  ImmutableList<E> createAsList() {
    return (table.length == 0) ? ImmutableList.of() : new RegularImmutableAsList<>(this, elements);

        assertEquals(NtStatus.NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED, ex.getNtStatus());
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("resolveSids(CIFSContext,server,sids,offset,length) resolves missing, caches, and reuses cache")
    void resolveSids_withOffsetAndCache_behavesCorrectly() throws Exception {
        CIFSContext ctx = mock(CIFSContext.class);

        byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
        int bufferIndex = 0;

        // Set structure size to 9 (valid)
        SMBUtil.writeInt2(9, buffer, bufferIndex);
        // Set buffer offset (relative to header start)
        SMBUtil.writeInt2(80, buffer, bufferIndex + 2);
        // Set buffer length (empty directory)
        SMBUtil.writeInt4(0, buffer, bufferIndex + 4);

        // Mock getHeaderStart