from typing import Set, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from typing_extensions import Annotated

app = FastAPI()


class FormModel(BaseModel):
    username: str
    lastname: str
    age: Optional[int] = None
    tags: List[str] = ["foo", "bar"]
    alias_with: str = Field(alias="with", default="nothing")


@app.post("/form/")
def post_form(user: Annotated[FormModel, Form()]):
    return user

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    result = {"item_id": item_id, **item.dict()}
    if q:
        result.update({"q": q})

from typing import Any, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item)
async def create_item(item: Item) -> Any:
    return item


@app.get("/items/", response_model=list[Item])

app = FastAPI(generate_unique_id_function=custom_generate_unique_id)


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float


class ResponseMessage(BaseModel):
    message: str


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str


@app.post("/items/", response_model=ResponseMessage, tags=["items"])
async def create_item(item: Item):

from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    *,
    item_id: int = Path(title="The ID of the item to get", ge=0, le=1000),
    q: Union[str, None] = None,
    item: Union[Item, None] = None,
):
    results = {"item_id": item_id}

class RecursiveItem(BaseModel):
    sub_items: List["RecursiveItem"] = []
    name: str


RecursiveItem.model_rebuild()


class RecursiveSubitemInSubmodel(BaseModel):
    sub_items2: List["RecursiveItemViaSubmodel"] = []
    name: str


class RecursiveItemViaSubmodel(BaseModel):
    sub_items1: List[RecursiveSubitemInSubmodel] = []
    name: str


RecursiveSubitemInSubmodel.model_rebuild()

    * Wird in Requests und Responses als `str` dargestellt.
* `datetime.datetime`:
    * Ein Python-`datetime.datetime`.
    * Wird in Requests und Responses als `str` im ISO 8601-Format dargestellt, etwa: `2008-09-15T15:53:00+05:00`.
* `datetime.date`:
    * Python-`datetime.date`.
    * Wird in Requests und Responses als `str` im ISO 8601-Format dargestellt, etwa: `2008-09-15`.
* `datetime.time`:

                         }
                         */

                        //すでに同じ文字が表示されてないかチェック。ゴミ抜き
                        if(str === $textArea.val()) {
                            chkCorrectWord = false;
                            //} else if(0 != str.indexOf($textArea.val())) {
                            //	chkCorrectWord = false;
                        } else {

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
```

Sử dụng `Optional[str]` thay cho `str` sẽ cho phép trình soạn thảo giúp bạn phát hiện các lỗi mà bạn có thể gặp như một giá trị luôn là một `str`, trong khi thực tế nó rất có thể là `None`.

`Optional[Something]` là một cách viết ngắn gọn của `Union[Something, None]`, chúng là tương đương nhau.

Điều này cũng có nghĩa là trong Python 3.10, bạn có thể sử dụng `Something | None`: