* @param value any {@code long} value
   * @return the same value cast to {@code short} if it is in the range of the {@code short} type,
   *     {@link Short#MAX_VALUE} if it is too large, or {@link Short#MIN_VALUE} if it is too small
   */
  public static short saturatedCast(long value) {
    if (value > Short.MAX_VALUE) {
      return Short.MAX_VALUE;
    }
    if (value < Short.MIN_VALUE) {
      return Short.MIN_VALUE;
    }

 * encode/decode operation.
 */
public class DcerpcMessageTest {

    /**
     * A trivial concrete subclass used for testing. It simply writes a
     * single small value in {@code encode_in} and reads it in
     * {@code decode_out}.
     */
    private static class TestMessage extends DcerpcMessage {
        int decodedValue = 0;

        TestMessage() {

		// Test - 3
		bytes.NewReader(fmt.Appendf(nil, "%4097d", 1)),
		// Test - 4
		bytes.NewReader([]byte("1000;chunk-signature=111123333333333333334444211\r\n")),
	}
	testCases := []testCase{
		// Test - 1 - small bufio reader.
		{
			bufio.NewReaderSize(readers[0], 16),
			errLineTooLong,
			nil,
			nil,
		},
		// Test - 2 - unexpected end of the reader.
		{
			bufio.NewReader(readers[1]),
			io.ErrUnexpectedEOF,

    // ===================================================================================
    //                                                                        Small Helper
    //                                                                        ============
    /**
     * Verifies that the CRUD mode matches the expected mode.
     *
     * @param crudMode the actual CRUD mode

  inner class FramingSink(
    /** True if either side has cleanly shut down this stream. We shall send no more bytes. */
    var finished: Boolean = false,
  ) : Sink {
    /**
     * Buffer of outgoing data. This batches writes of small writes into this sink as larges frames
     * written to the outgoing connection. Batching saves the (small) framing overhead.
     */
    private val sendBuffer = Buffer()

            return entity;
        });
    }

    // ===================================================================================
    //                                                                        Small Helper
    //                                                                        ============
    /**
     * Verifies that the CRUD mode matches the expected mode.
     *
     * @param crudMode the actual CRUD mode

            // Only stub supportsIntegrity - isEstablished won't be called due to short-circuit
            when(mockCtx.supportsIntegrity()).thenReturn(false);

            // A small consumer that only uses MIC if advertised as available
            byte[] data = new byte[] { 1, 2 };
            if (mockCtx.supportsIntegrity() && mockCtx.isEstablished()) {
                mockCtx.calculateMIC(data);

But if you need to access variables and objects from the same **FastAPI** app, or you need to perform small background tasks (like sending an email notification), you can simply just use `BackgroundTasks`.

## Recap { #recap }

  // Timed Get
  // There are a few design constraints to consider
  // * We want to be responsive to small timeouts, unpark() has non trivial latency overheads (I
  //   have observed 12 micros on 64-bit linux systems to wake up a parked thread). So if the
  //   timeout is small we shouldn't park(). This needs to be traded off with the cpu overhead of

     *
     * @return retry delay or 0 if no retry
     */
    public long getRetryDelay() {
        switch (severity) {
        case RECOVERABLE:
            return 100; // Immediate retry with small delay
        case TRANSIENT:
            return 5000; // Wait 5 seconds
        default:
            return 0; // No retry
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {