# 设置和环境变量 { #settings-and-environment-variables }

在许多情况下，你的应用可能需要一些外部设置或配置，例如密钥、数据库凭据、电子邮件服务的凭据等。

这些设置中的大多数是可变的（可能会改变），例如数据库 URL。并且很多可能是敏感的，比如密钥。

因此，通常会将它们提供为由应用程序读取的环境变量。

/// tip | 提示

要理解环境变量，你可以阅读[环境变量](../environment-variables.md)。

///

## 类型和验证 { #types-and-validation }

这些环境变量只能处理文本字符串，因为它们在 Python 之外，并且必须与其他程序及系统的其余部分兼容（甚至与不同的操作系统，如 Linux、Windows、macOS）。

ns/external-iam/configure-openid-external-identity-management.html for a tutorial on using these variables. oidc: enabled: false configUrl: "https://identity-provider-url/.well-known/openid-configuration" clientId: "minio" clientSecret: "" claimName: "policy" scopes: "openid,profile,email" redirectUri: "https://console-endpoint-url/oauth_callback" # Can leave empty claimPrefix: "" comment: "" networkPolicy: enabled: false allowExternal: true ## PodDisruptionBudget settings ## ref: https://kubern...

ns/external-iam/configure-openid-external-identity-management.html for a tutorial on using these variables. oidc: enabled: false configUrl: "https://identity-provider-url/.well-known/openid-configuration" clientId: "minio" clientSecret: "" claimName: "policy" scopes: "openid,profile,email" redirectUri: "https://console-endpoint-url/oauth_callback" # Can leave empty claimPrefix: "" comment: "" networkPolicy: enabled: false allowExternal: true ## PodDisruptionBudget settings ## ref: https://kubern...

ns/external-iam/configure-openid-external-identity-management.html for a tutorial on using these variables. oidc: enabled: false configUrl: "https://identity-provider-url/.well-known/openid-configuration" clientId: "minio" clientSecret: "" claimName: "policy" scopes: "openid,profile,email" redirectUri: "https://console-endpoint-url/oauth_callback" # Can leave empty claimPrefix: "" comment: "" networkPolicy: enabled: false allowExternal: true ## PodDisruptionBudget settings ## ref: https://kubern...

ns/external-iam/configure-openid-external-identity-management.html for a tutorial on using these variables. oidc: enabled: false configUrl: "https://identity-provider-url/.well-known/openid-configuration" clientId: "minio" clientSecret: "" claimName: "policy" scopes: "openid,profile,email" redirectUri: "https://console-endpoint-url/oauth_callback" # Can leave empty claimPrefix: "" comment: "" networkPolicy: enabled: false allowExternal: true ## PodDisruptionBudget settings ## ref: https://kubern...

> Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages of all time

用法非常簡單。例如，發出一個 `GET` 請求，你會寫：

```Python
response = requests.get("http://example.com/some/url")
```

相對地，FastAPI 的 API 路徑操作（path operation）可能像這樣：

```Python hl_lines="1"
@app.get("/some/url")
def read_url():
    return {"message": "Hello World"}
```

看看 `requests.get(...)` 與 `@app.get(...)` 的相似之處。

/// check | 啟發 **FastAPI**

{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006_py310.py hl[2,9] *}

---

または、`response_class` パラメータで使用できます:

{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial006b_py310.py hl[2,7,9] *}

その場合、*path operation* 関数からURLを直接返せます。

この場合に使用される `status_code` は、`RedirectResponse` のデフォルトである `307` になります。

---

さらに、`status_code` パラメータを `response_class` パラメータと組み合わせて使うこともできます:

/// info | Información

En OAuth2 un "scope" es solo un string que declara un permiso específico requerido.

No importa si tiene otros caracteres como `:` o si es una URL.

Esos detalles son específicos de la implementación.

Para OAuth2 son solo strings.

///

## Vista global { #global-view }

이제 클라이언트를 다시 생성하면, 개선된 메서드 이름을 확인할 수 있습니다:

<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image07.png">

보시다시피, 이제 메서드 이름은 태그 다음에 함수 이름이 오며, URL 경로와 HTTP operation의 정보는 포함하지 않습니다.

### 클라이언트 생성기를 위한 OpenAPI 사양 전처리 { #preprocess-the-openapi-specification-for-the-client-generator }

생성된 코드에는 여전히 일부 **중복 정보**가 있습니다.

        {
            "openapi": "3.1.0",
            "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
            "externalDocs": {
                "description": "External API documentation.",
                "url": "https://docs.example.com/api-general",
            },
            "paths": {
                "/api_route": {
                    "get": {
                        "responses": {
                            "200": {