results := make([]string, len(values))

	for idx, value := range values {
		if valuer, ok := value.(driver.Valuer); ok {
			value, _ = valuer.Value()
		}

		switch v := value.(type) {
		case string:
			results[idx] = v
		case []byte:
			results[idx] = string(v)
		case uint:
			results[idx] = strconv.FormatUint(uint64(v), 10)
		default:
			results[idx] = "nil"
			vv := reflect.ValueOf(v)

func (db *DB) Select(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
	tx = db.getInstance()

	switch v := query.(type) {
	case []string:
		tx.Statement.Selects = v

		for _, arg := range args {
			switch arg := arg.(type) {
			case string:
				tx.Statement.Selects = append(tx.Statement.Selects, arg)
			case []string:
				tx.Statement.Selects = append(tx.Statement.Selects, arg...)

	"reflect"
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
)

var schemaCache = &sync.Map{}

func TestConvertToCreateValues_DestType_Slice(t *testing.T) {
	type user struct {
		ID    int `gorm:"primaryKey"`
		Name  string
		Email string `gorm:"default:(-)"`
		Age   int    `gorm:"default:(-)"`
	}

	s, err := schema.Parse(&user{}, schemaCache, schema.NamingStrategy{})

}

func format(v []byte, escaper string) string {
	return escaper + strings.ReplaceAll(string(v), escaper, escaper+escaper) + escaper
}

func TestExplainSQL(t *testing.T) {
	type role string
	type password []byte
	type intType int
	type floatType float64
	var (
		tt                 = now.MustParse("2020-02-23 11:10:10")
		myrole             = role("admin")
		pwd                = password("pass")

package tests_test

import (
	"regexp"
	"sync"
	"testing"

	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
	"gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

type UserWithTable struct {
	gorm.Model
	Name string
}

func (UserWithTable) TableName() string {
	return "gorm.user"
}

func TestTable(t *testing.T) {
	dryDB := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true})

	return fnames[len(fnames)-1]
}

func c1(*gorm.DB) {}
func c2(*gorm.DB) {}
func c3(*gorm.DB) {}
func c4(*gorm.DB) {}
func c5(*gorm.DB) {}
func c6(*gorm.DB) {}

func TestCallbacks(t *testing.T) {
	type callback struct {
		name    string
		before  string
		after   string
		remove  bool
		replace bool
		err     string
		match   func(*gorm.DB) bool
		h       func(*gorm.DB)
	}

	datas := []struct {

		// append @id column with value for auto-increment primary key
		// the @id value is correct, when: 1. without setting auto-increment primary key, 2. database AutoIncrementIncrement = 1
		switch values := db.Statement.Dest.(type) {
		case map[string]interface{}:
			values[pkFieldName] = insertID
		case *map[string]interface{}:
			(*values)[pkFieldName] = insertID
		case []map[string]interface{}, *[]map[string]interface{}:

package gorm

import (
	"context"
	"database/sql"
	"database/sql/driver"
	"errors"
	"reflect"
	"sync"
)

type Stmt struct {
	*sql.Stmt
	Transaction bool
	prepared    chan struct{}
	prepareErr  error
}

type PreparedStmtDB struct {
	Stmts       map[string]*Stmt
	PreparedSQL []string
	Mux         *sync.RWMutex
	ConnPool
}

func NewPreparedStmtDB(connPool ConnPool) *PreparedStmtDB {

package tests_test

import (
	"os"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"

	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

type Config struct {
	Account   bool
	Pets      int
	Toys      int
	Company   bool
	Manager   bool
	Team      int
	Languages int
	Friends   int
	NamedPet  bool
	Tools     int
}

func GetUser(name string, config Config) *User {
	var (

	}
}

func TestEmbedPreload(t *testing.T) {
	type Country struct {
		ID   int `gorm:"primaryKey"`
		Name string
	}
	type EmbeddedAddress struct {
		ID        int
		Name      string
		CountryID *int
		Country   *Country
	}
	type NestedAddress struct {
		EmbeddedAddress
	}
	type Org struct {
		ID              int