And then you also read how to handle [CORS with the `CORSMiddleware`](../tutorial/cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

In this section we'll see how to use other middlewares.

## Adding ASGI middlewares

        if (
            key in main_dict
            and isinstance(main_dict[key], dict)
            and isinstance(value, dict)
        ):
            deep_dict_update(main_dict[key], value)
        elif (
            key in main_dict
            and isinstance(main_dict[key], list)
            and isinstance(update_dict[key], list)
        ):

            dependency.

            The term "scope" comes from the OAuth2 specification, it seems to be
            intentionaly vague and interpretable. It normally refers to permissions,
            in cases to roles.

            These scopes are integrated with OpenAPI (and the API docs at `/docs`).
            So they are visible in the OpenAPI specification.
            )
            """
        ),

### Before and after the `response`

You can add code to be run with the `request`,  before any *path operation* receives it.

And also after the `response` is generated, before returning it.

For example, you could add a custom header `X-Process-Time` containing the time in seconds that it took to process the request and generate a response:

```Python hl_lines="10  12-13"

The `name="static"` gives it a name that can be used internally by **FastAPI**.

All these parameters can be different than "`static`", adjust them with the needs and specific details of your own application.

## More info

The term "schema" might also refer to the shape of some data, like a JSON content.

In that case, it would mean the JSON attributes, and data types they have, etc.

#### OpenAPI and JSON Schema

OpenAPI defines an API schema for your API. And that schema includes definitions (or "schemas") of the data sent and received by your API using **JSON Schema**, the standard for JSON data schemas.

#### Check the `openapi.json`

You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency to be of type `Request` and then you can access the raw request object directly, without any validation, etc.

You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import Request
```

!!! tip

!!! tip
    If you need GraphQL, I still would recommend you check out <a href="https://strawberry.rocks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Strawberry</a>, as it's based on type annotations instead of custom classes and types.

## Learn More

    # to be read from files and other types, but I'm not even sure it's a good idea
    # to support it as a first class "feature"
    assert is_bytes_sequence_annotation(Union[List[str], List[bytes]])


def test_is_uploadfile_sequence_annotation():
    # For coverage
    # TODO: in theory this would allow declaring types that could be lists of UploadFile

    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/questions
  - name: Show and tell
    about: Show what you built with FastAPI or to be used with FastAPI.
    url: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/discussions/categories/show-and-tell
  - name: Translations
    about: Coordinate translations in GitHub Discussions.