}

	var maxId int64
	userTable := func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
		return db.WithContext(context.Background()).Table("users")
	}
	if err := DB.Scopes(userTable).Select("max(id)").Scan(&maxId).Error; err != nil {
		t.Errorf("select max(id)")
	}
}

func TestComplexScopes(t *testing.T) {
	tests := []struct {
		name     string
		queryFn  func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB
		expected string
	}{
		{

# Select API Quickstart Guide [![Slack](https://slack.min.io/slack?type=svg)](https://slack.min.io)

Traditional retrieval of objects is always as whole entities, i.e GetObject for a 5 GiB object, will always return 5 GiB of data. S3 Select API allows us to retrieve a subset of data by using simple SQL expressions. By using Select API to retrieve only the data needed by the application, drastic performance improvements can be achieved.

	var total int
	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age)").Where("name = ?", "groupby").Group("name").Row().Scan(&name, &total); err != nil {
		t.Errorf("no error should happen, but got %v", err)
	}

	if name != "groupby" || total != 60 {
		t.Errorf("name should be groupby, but got %v, total should be 60, but got %v", name, total)
	}

		t.Fatalf("invalid sql generated, got %v", sql)
	}

	sql = DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true}).Table("user u").Select("name").Find(&User{}).Statement.SQL.String()
	if !regexp.MustCompile(`SELECT .name. FROM user u WHERE .u.\..deleted_at. IS NULL`).MatchString(sql) {
		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", sql)
	}

	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT .* FROM .users. left join pets.*join accounts.*").MatchString(stmt.SQL.String()) {
		t.Errorf("joins should be ordered, but got %v", stmt.SQL.String())
	}

	iv := DB.Table(`table_invoices`).Select(`seller, SUM(total) as total, SUM(paid) as paid, SUM(balance) as balance`).Group(`seller`)

    private void addTOC(Document document) {
        Element tocSection = document.body().select("section.topic").first().before("<section class='table-of-contents'/>").previousElementSibling();
        tocSection.append("<h2>Table Of Contents</h2>");
        Element toc = tocSection.append("<ul class='toc'/>").children().last();

        Elements h23elements = document.select("h2,h3");
        for (Element h23element: h23elements) {

		Result  string
		Vars    []interface{}
	}{
		{
			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.OrderBy{
				Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Desc: true}},
			}},
			"SELECT * FROM `users` ORDER BY `users`.`id` DESC", nil,
		},
		{
			[]clause.Interface{
				clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.OrderBy{

	var age int64
	if err := row.Scan(&age); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to scan age, got %v", err)
	}

	if age != 10 {
		t.Errorf("Scan with Row, age expects: %v, got %v", user2.Age, age)
	}

	table := "gorm.users"
	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "mysql" || isTiDB() {
		table = "users" // other databases doesn't support select with `database.table`
	}

			t.Fatalf("first expects: %v, got %v", u1, got)
		}

		results = DB.Select("id, name").Find(&got)
		if results.Error != nil {
			t.Fatalf("errors happened on first: %v", results.Error)
		} else if results.RowsAffected != 1 {
			t.Fatalf("rows affected expects: %v, got %v", 1, results.RowsAffected)
		} else if got.ID != u1.ID {
			t.Fatalf("select expects: %v, got %v", u1, got)
		}

		u1.Name = "jinzhu"

func TestFrom(t *testing.T) {
	results := []struct {
		Clauses []clause.Interface
		Result  string
		Vars    []interface{}
	}{
		{
			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}},
			"SELECT * FROM `users`", nil,
		},
		{
			[]clause.Interface{
				clause.Select{}, clause.From{
					Tables: []clause.Table{{Name: "users"}},
					Joins: []clause.Join{
						{
							Type:  clause.InnerJoin,