import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;

/**
 * An {@link ClusterException} is a data structure that allows for some code to "throw multiple
 * exceptions", or something close to it. The prototypical code that calls for this class is
 * presented below:
 *
 * <pre>
 * void runManyThings({@literal List<ThingToRun>} thingsToRun) {
 *   for (ThingToRun thingToRun : thingsToRun) {

# About HTTPS { #about-https }

It is easy to assume that HTTPS is something that is just "enabled" or not.

But it is way more complex than that.

/// tip

If you are in a hurry or don't care, continue with the next sections for step by step instructions to set everything up with different techniques.

///

   * someone still manages to pass null, let's continue to have the method work.
   *
   * (PatternFilenameFilter is of course one of those classes that shouldn't be a publicly visible
   * class to begin with but rather something returned from a static factory method whose declared
   * return type is plain FilenameFilter. If we made such a change, then the annotation we choose

     * to suppress (as we do now), stop testing entrySet().add() at all, make
     * entrySet().add() tests tolerant of either behavior, introduce a map
     * feature for entrySet() that supports add(), or something else
     */
    return asList(
        getAddUnsupportedNotPresentMethod(),
        getAddAllUnsupportedNonePresentMethod(),
        getAddAllUnsupportedSomePresentMethod());
  }

  @Override

  private MinimalIterable(Iterator<E> iterator) {
    this.iterator = iterator;
  }

  @Override
  public Iterator<E> iterator() {
    if (iterator == null) {
      // TODO: throw something else? Do we worry that people's code and tests
      // might be relying on this particular type of exception?
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
    try {
      return iterator;
    } finally {

**FastAPI** inclui vários middlewares para casos de uso comuns, veremos a seguir como usá-los.

/// note | Detalhes Técnicos

Para o próximo exemplo, você também poderia usar `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`.

**FastAPI** fornece vários middlewares em `fastapi.middleware` apenas como uma conveniência para você, o desenvolvedor. Mas a maioria dos middlewares disponíveis vem diretamente do Starlette.

///

   *
   * ```
   * [5] EXPLICIT UTF8String
   * ```
   *
   * @param forceConstructed non-null to set the constructed bit to the specified value, even if the
   *     writing process sets something else. This is used to encode SEQUENCES in values that are
   *     declared to have non-constructed values, like OCTET STRING values.
   */
  @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") // read() produces a single element of the expected type.

So, you can use `user_agent` as you normally would in Python code, instead of needing to capitalize the first letters as `User_Agent` or something similar.

If for some reason you need to disable automatic conversion of underscores to hyphens, set the parameter `convert_underscores` of `Header` to `False`:

{* ../../docs_src/header_params/tutorial002_an_py310.py hl[10] *}

    // Read a token68, a sequence of parameters, or nothing.
    val commaPrefixed = skipCommasAndWhitespace()
    peek = readToken()
    if (peek == null) {
      if (!exhausted()) return // Expected a token; got something else.
      result.add(Challenge(schemeName, emptyMap()))
      return
    }

    var eqCount = skipAll('='.code.toByte())
    val commaSuffixed = skipCommasAndWhitespace()

`Optional[Something]` là một cách viết ngắn gọn của `Union[Something, None]`, chúng là tương đương nhau.

Điều này cũng có nghĩa là trong Python 3.10, bạn có thể sử dụng `Something | None`:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```