* international domain names work everywhere. For example, "σ" encodes as "xn--4xa". The encoded
 * string is not human readable, but can be used with classes like [InetAddress] to establish
 * connections.
 *
 * ## Why another URL model?
 *
 * Java includes both [java.net.URL][URL] and [java.net.URI][URI]. We offer a new URL

        } catch (Exception e) {
            fail("setError should handle valid parameter validation gracefully: " + e.getMessage());
        }

        // Test null exception separately since it causes NullPointerException
        try {
            WebApiUtil.setError(400, (Exception) null);
            fail("setError should throw NullPointerException when passed null exception");
        } catch (NullPointerException e) {

 * edge multiplicity, but the {@code *degree()} and mutation methods will not reflect your
 * interpretation of the edge value as its multiplicity.)
 *
 * <h3>Building a {@code ValueGraph}</h3>
 *
 * <p>The implementation classes that {@code common.graph} provides are not public, by design. To
 * create an instance of one of the built-in implementations of {@code ValueGraph}, use the {@link
 * ValueGraphBuilder} class:
 *
 * {@snippet :

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```

////

使用 `str | None` 而不是仅仅 `str`，可以让编辑器帮助你发现把值当成总是 `str` 的错误（实际上它也可能是 `None`）。

### 类作为类型 { #classes-as-types }

你也可以把类声明为变量的类型。

假设你有一个名为 `Person` 的类，带有 name：

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial010_py310.py hl[1:3] *}

然后你可以声明一个变量是 `Person` 类型：

 * extensions with parallel edges. If you need parallel edges, use {@link Network}.
 *
 * <h3>Building a {@code Graph}</h3>
 *
 * <p>The implementation classes that {@code common.graph} provides are not public, by design. To
 * create an instance of one of the built-in implementations of {@code Graph}, use the {@link
 * GraphBuilder} class:
 *
 * {@snippet :

  public static Closer create() {
    return new Closer(SUPPRESSING_SUPPRESSOR);
  }

  @VisibleForTesting final Suppressor suppressor;

  // only need space for 2 elements in most cases, so try to use the smallest array possible
  private final Deque<Closeable> stack = new ArrayDeque<>(4);
  private @Nullable Throwable thrown;

  @VisibleForTesting
  Closer(Suppressor suppressor) {

import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Tests for {@link PairedStatsAccumulator}. This tests the stats methods for instances built with
 * {@link PairedStatsAccumulator#add}, and various error cases of that method. For tests of the
 * {@link PairedStatsAccumulator#snapshot} method which returns {@link PairedStats} instances, see
 * {@link PairedStatsTest}.
 *
 * @author Pete Gillin
 */
@NullUnmarked

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import jcifs.smb.SmbException;

/**
 * Test cases for PathValidator
 */
public class PathValidatorTest {

    private PathValidator validator;
    private PathValidator strictValidator;

    @BeforeEach
    public void setUp() {

- The `system-node-critical` and `system-cluster-critical` priority classes are now limited to the `kube-system` namespace by the `PodPriority` admission plugin (matching changes in 1.11.1+). ([#65593](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/65593), [@bsalamat](https://github.com/bsalamat)) Courtesy of SIG Scheduling...

///

Ensuite, lorsque vous créez une instance de cette classe `Settings` (dans ce cas, l'objet `settings`), Pydantic lira les variables d'environnement de manière insensible à la casse, donc une variable en majuscules `APP_NAME` sera tout de même lue pour l'attribut `app_name`.