# Advanced Middleware { #advanced-middleware }

In the main tutorial you read how to add [Custom Middleware](../tutorial/middleware.md){.internal-link target=_blank} to your application.

And then you also read how to handle [CORS with the `CORSMiddleware`](../tutorial/cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

In this section we'll see how to use other middlewares.

## Adding ASGI middlewares { #adding-asgi-middlewares }

                        populate(r, tc);
                    }
                }
                result = this.table.get(name);
            }
        } catch (final IOException fnfe) {
            log.error("Could not read lmhosts " + tc.getConfig().getLmHostsFileName(), fnfe); //$NON-NLS-1$
        }
        return result;
    }

    void populate(final Reader r, final CIFSContext tc) throws IOException {
        String line;

operating system and architecture, visit
https://go.dev/doc/install/source
for source installation instructions.

### Contributing

Go is the work of thousands of contributors. We appreciate your help!

To contribute, please read the contribution guidelines at https://go.dev/doc/contribute.

Note that the Go project uses the issue tracker for bug reports and
proposals only. See https://go.dev/wiki/Questions for a list of

Takes some data and returns an `application/json` encoded response.

This is the default response used in **FastAPI**, as you read above.

### `ORJSONResponse` { #orjsonresponse }

A fast alternative JSON response using <a href="https://github.com/ijl/orjson" class="external-link" target="_blank">`orjson`</a>, as you read above.

/// info

This requires installing `orjson` for example with `pip install orjson`.

///

name: Shell formatting checks

on:
  pull_request:
    branches:
      - master

permissions:
  contents: read
    
jobs:
  build:
    name: runner / shfmt
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: luizm/action-sh-checker@master
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          SHFMT_OPTS: "-s"
        with:

# Custom Response Classes - File, HTML, Redirect, Streaming, etc.

There are several custom response classes you can use to create an instance and return them directly from your *path operations*.

Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).

You can import them directly from `fastapi.responses`:

```python
from fastapi.responses import (
    FileResponse,

        buffer[7] = 0x00;
        // lastNameOffset (2 bytes)
        buffer[8] = 0x10;
        buffer[9] = 0x00;

        int result = response.readParametersWireFormat(buffer, 0, 10);

        // Should read 10 bytes
        assertEquals(10, result);
        // Check the values were parsed correctly
        assertEquals(1, response.getSid());
        assertEquals(5, response.getNumEntries());

# This ensures that previous jobs for the PR are canceled when the PR is
# updated.
concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

permissions:
  contents: read

jobs:
  build:
    name: Go ${{ matrix.go-version }} on ${{ matrix.os }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        go-version: [1.24.x]
        os: [ubuntu-latest]

    steps:

    // A String -- an event for which no one has registered.
    bus.post(EVENT);

    List<DeadEvent> events = catcher.getEvents();
    assertEquals("One dead event should be delivered.", 1, events.size());
    assertEquals("The dead event should wrap the original event.", EVENT, events.get(0).getEvent());
  }

  public void testDeadEventPosting() {
    GhostCatcher catcher = new GhostCatcher();

    try (InputStream decodingStream = encoding.decodingStream(new StringReader(encoded))) {
      for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
        assertThat(decodingStream.read()).isEqualTo(bytes[i] & 0xFF);
      }
      assertThat(decodingStream.read()).isEqualTo(-1);
    }
  }

  public void testToString() {
    assertThat(base64().toString()).isEqualTo("BaseEncoding.base64().withPadChar('=')");