type NamedUser struct {
		gorm.Model
		Name1 string
		Name2 string
		Name3 string
	}

	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&NamedUser{})
	DB.AutoMigrate(&NamedUser{})

	namedUser := NamedUser{Name1: "jinzhu1", Name2: "jinzhu2", Name3: "jinzhu3"}
	DB.Create(&namedUser)

	var result NamedUser
	DB.First(&result, "name1 = @name OR name2 = @name OR name3 = @name", sql.Named("name", "jinzhu2"))

			queryFn: func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
				return tx.Scopes(
					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Model(&Language{}) },
					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
						return d.
							Or(DB.Scopes(
								func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where("a = 1") },
								func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where("b = 2") },
							)).
							Or("c = 3")
					},
					func(d *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB { return d.Where("d = 4") },

func (target *PostgreSQLTarget) initPostgreSQL() error {
	args := target.args

	db, err := sql.Open("postgres", target.connString)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	target.db = db

	if args.MaxOpenConnections > 0 {
		// Set the maximum connections limit
		target.db.SetMaxOpenConns(args.MaxOpenConnections)
	}

	err = target.db.Ping()
	if err != nil {

package gorm

import (
	"context"
	"database/sql"

	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
)

// Dialector GORM database dialector
type Dialector interface {
	Name() string
	Initialize(*DB) error
	Migrator(db *DB) Migrator
	DataTypeOf(*schema.Field) string
	DefaultValueOf(*schema.Field) clause.Expression
	BindVarTo(writer clause.Writer, stmt *Statement, v interface{})
	QuoteTo(clause.Writer, string)

)

func TestExceptionsWithInvalidSql(t *testing.T) {
	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "sqlserver" {
		t.Skip("skip sqlserver due to it will raise data race for invalid sql")
	}

	var columns []string
	if DB.Where("sdsd.zaaa = ?", "sd;;;aa").Pluck("aaa", &columns).Error == nil {
		t.Errorf("Should got error with invalid SQL")
	}

	if DB.Model(&User{}).Where("sdsd.zaaa = ?", "sd;;;aa").Pluck("aaa", &columns).Error == nil {

	if err := DB.Create(&user).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
	}

	user.Languages = []Language{{Code: "zh-CN", Name: "Chinese"}, {Code: "en", Name: "English"}}
	for _, lang := range user.Languages {
		DB.Create(&lang)
	}
	user.Friends = []*User{{Name: "friend-1"}, {Name: "friend-2"}}

	if err := DB.Save(&user).Error; err != nil {

		Mux:      &sync.RWMutex{},
	}
}

func (db *PreparedStmtDB) GetDBConn() (*sql.DB, error) {
	if sqldb, ok := db.ConnPool.(*sql.DB); ok {
		return sqldb, nil
	}

	if dbConnector, ok := db.ConnPool.(GetDBConnector); ok && dbConnector != nil {
		return dbConnector.GetDBConn()
	}

	return nil, ErrInvalidDB
}

func (db *PreparedStmtDB) Close() {
	db.Mux.Lock()
	defer db.Mux.Unlock()

	for _, stmt := range db.Stmts {

import (
	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

func RowQuery(db *gorm.DB) {
	if db.Error == nil {
		BuildQuerySQL(db)
		if db.DryRun || db.Error != nil {
			return
		}

		if isRows, ok := db.Get("rows"); ok && isRows.(bool) {
			db.Statement.Settings.Delete("rows")
			db.Statement.Dest, db.Error = db.Statement.ConnPool.QueryContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)
		} else {

package callbacks

import (
	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

func BeginTransaction(db *gorm.DB) {
	if !db.Config.SkipDefaultTransaction && db.Error == nil {
		if tx := db.Begin(); tx.Error == nil {
			db.Statement.ConnPool = tx.Statement.ConnPool
			db.InstanceSet("gorm:started_transaction", true)
		} else if tx.Error == gorm.ErrInvalidTransaction {
			tx.Error = nil
		} else {
			db.Error = tx.Error
		}
	}
}

		Active:   true,
	}, {
		Name:     "groupby1",
		Age:      330,
		Birthday: Now(),
		Active:   true,
	}}

	if err := DB.Create(&users).Error; err != nil {
		t.Errorf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
	}

	var name string
	var total int
	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age)").Where("name = ?", "groupby").Group("name").Row().Scan(&name, &total); err != nil {