// But trying to read data should cause NullPointerException
        byte[] buffer = new byte[10];
        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> nullBufferResponse.readDataWireFormat(buffer, 0, 5));
    }

    @Test
    void testReadDataWireFormatWithNegativeLength() {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
        // Negative length should cause ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException from System.arraycopy

import org.lastaflute.web.util.LaRequestUtil;

/**
 * Helper class for detecting and categorizing user agent types from HTTP requests.
 * This class analyzes the User-Agent header to determine which browser type is being used
 * and caches the result in the request attribute for performance optimization.
 *
 */
public class UserAgentHelper {

    /**
     * Default constructor for UserAgentHelper.
     */
    public UserAgentHelper() {

     *     <li>"e(G:A:V)" - predicate filter (leaves out G:A:V from range, if hit, V can be range)</li>
     * </ul>
     * Example filter expression: <code>"h(5);s;e(org.foo:bar:1)</code> will cause: ranges are filtered for "top 5" (instead
     * full range), snapshots are banned if root project is not a snapshot, and if range for <code>org.foo:bar</code> is

SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

      throw e.getCause();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Verify that the listener completes in a reasonable amount of time, and Asserts that the future
   * throws an {@code ExecutableException} and that the cause of the {@code ExecutableException} is
   * {@code expectedCause}.
   */
  public void assertException(Throwable expectedCause) throws Exception {
    // Verify that the listener executed in a reasonable amount of time.

# Deploy FastAPI on Cloud Providers { #deploy-fastapi-on-cloud-providers }

You can use virtually **any cloud provider** to deploy your FastAPI application.

In most of the cases, the main cloud providers have guides to deploy FastAPI with them.

## Cloud Providers - Sponsors { #cloud-providers-sponsors }

{* ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial014_an_py310.py hl[10] *}

## Custom Validation { #custom-validation }

There could be cases where you need to do some **custom validation** that can't be done with the parameters shown above.

In those cases, you can use a **custom validator function** that is applied after the normal validation (e.g. after validating that the value is a `str`).

     * @param columnNumber The one-based index of the column containing the problem or {@code -1} if unknown.
     * @param exception The exception that caused this problem, may be {@code null}.
     */
    DefaultProblem(
            String message, Severity severity, String source, int lineNumber, int columnNumber, Exception exception) {
        this.message = message;

    // For the socket connect timeout case we do not try the same host with a different
    // ConnectionSpec: we assume it is unreachable.
    e is InterruptedIOException -> false

    // If the problem was a CertificateException from the X509TrustManager, do not retry.
    e is SSLHandshakeException && e.cause is CertificateException -> false

    // e.g. a certificate pinning error.