/// tip

這裡我們使用 [`time.perf_counter()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#time.perf_counter) 而不是 `time.time()`，因為在這些用例中它可能更精確。🤓

///

## 多個中介軟體的執行順序 { #multiple-middleware-execution-order }

當你使用 `@app.middleware()` 裝飾器或 `app.add_middleware()` 方法加入多個中介軟體時，每個新的中介軟體都會包裹應用程式，形成一個堆疊。最後加入的中介軟體位於最外層，最先加入的位於最內層。

在請求路徑上，最外層的中介軟體最先執行。

在回應路徑上，它最後執行。

例如：

```Python

            Duration elapsed = clock.elapsedTime();
            Duration calculated = Duration.between(clock.startInstant(), now);

            // Allow for small timing differences (1ms) due to execution time between measurements
            assertTrue(
                    Math.abs(elapsed.toMillis() - calculated.toMillis()) <= 1,
                    "Elapsed time should match calculated duration between start and now");

import java.util.Set;

import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactNotFoundException;
import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactResolutionException;
import org.apache.maven.execution.MavenSession;
import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;

/**
 * @deprecated As of 3.2.2, and there is no direct replacement. This is an internal class which was not marked as such,
 *             but should have been.

     * - Purges job logs older than configured days
     * - Purges user info logs older than configured days
     * - Updates job log status
     *
     * @return a string containing the execution result and any error messages
     */
    public String execute() {
        final CrawlingInfoService crawlingInfoService = ComponentUtil.getComponent(CrawlingInfoService.class);

- **`CurlRequest`**: Fluent request builder supporting query parameters, headers, body content, GZIP compression, SSL configuration, proxy settings, encoding, threshold, custom connection configuration, and async execution.

- **`CurlResponse`**: Response wrapper implementing `Closeable`. Provides HTTP status code, headers, and content access methods.

- **`CurlException`**: Unchecked RuntimeException for HTTP errors.

### I/O Layer

  // such as BoundedQueueExecutorService to allow extends but it would be nice to make it final to
  // avoid unintended usage.

  // The execution list to hold our listeners.
  private final ExecutionList executionList = new ExecutionList();

  /**
   * Creates a {@code ListenableFutureTask} that will upon running, execute the given {@code
   * Callable}.
   *

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import org.apache.maven.execution.MavenSession;
import org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.BuildThreadFactory;
import org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.LifecycleModuleBuilder;
import org.apache.maven.lifecycle.internal.ProjectBuildList;

        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_constructor_withMessageAndCause() {
        // Test constructor with message and cause
        String message = "Script execution failed";
        Exception cause = new RuntimeException("Underlying error");
        ScriptEngineException exception = new ScriptEngineException(message, cause);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());

    /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
    public StandardKeySet() {
      super(ForwardingSortedMap.this);
    }
  }

  // unsafe, but worst case is a CCE or NPE is thrown, which callers will be expecting
  @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "nullness"})
  static int unsafeCompare(
      @Nullable Comparator<?> comparator, @Nullable Object o1, @Nullable Object o2) {
    if (comparator == null) {

        if (lookup == null) {
            return customLifecycles != null ? customLifecycles : new HashMap<>();
        }

        // Lifecycles cannot be cached as extensions might add custom lifecycles later in the execution.
        try {
            return registry != null
                    ? registry.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(lf -> lf.id(), lf -> new Lifecycle(registry, lf)))
                    : Map.of();