sch, _ = schema.Parse(db.Statement.Dest, db.cacheStore, db.NamingStrategy)
			}

			if len(columns) == 1 {
				// Is Pluck
				if _, ok := reflect.New(reflectValueType).Interface().(sql.Scanner); (reflectValueType != sch.ModelType && ok) || // is scanner
					reflectValueType.Kind() != reflect.Struct || // is not struct

package clause

// Select select attrs when querying, updating, creating
type Select struct {
	Distinct   bool
	Columns    []Column
	Expression Expression
}

func (s Select) Name() string {
	return "SELECT"
}

func (s Select) Build(builder Builder) {
	if len(s.Columns) > 0 {
		if s.Distinct {
			builder.WriteString("DISTINCT ")
		}

		for idx, column := range s.Columns {
			if idx > 0 {
				builder.WriteByte(',')

package clause

type OrderByColumn struct {
	Column  Column
	Desc    bool
	Reorder bool
}

type OrderBy struct {
	Columns    []OrderByColumn
	Expression Expression
}

// Name where clause name
func (orderBy OrderBy) Name() string {
	return "ORDER BY"
}

// Build build where clause
func (orderBy OrderBy) Build(builder Builder) {
	if orderBy.Expression != nil {
		orderBy.Expression.Build(builder)
	} else {

				}
			}
		}
	})
}

type Relation struct {
	Name        string
	Type        schema.RelationshipType
	Schema      string
	FieldSchema string
	Polymorphic Polymorphic
	JoinTable   JoinTable
	References  []Reference
}

type Polymorphic struct {
	ID    string
	Type  string
	Value string
}

type JoinTable struct {
	Name   string
	Table  string
	Fields []schema.Field

		appendToResults := func(value reflect.Value) {
			if _, isZero := rel.Field.ValueOf(ctx, value); !isZero {
				result := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value))
				switch result.Kind() {
				case reflect.Struct:
					reflectResults = reflect.Append(reflectResults, result.Addr())
				case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
					for i := 0; i < result.Len(); i++ {
						if elem := result.Index(i); elem.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {

package callbacks

import (
	"reflect"
	"testing"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
)

func TestLoadOrStoreVisitMap(t *testing.T) {
	var vm visitMap
	var loaded bool
	type testM struct {
		Name string
	}

	t1 := testM{Name: "t1"}
	t2 := testM{Name: "t2"}
	t3 := testM{Name: "t3"}

	vm = make(visitMap)
	if loaded = loadOrStoreVisitMap(&vm, reflect.ValueOf(&t1)); loaded {

package tests_test

import (
	"testing"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

func TestDefaultValue(t *testing.T) {
	type Harumph struct {
		gorm.Model
		Email   string    `gorm:"not null;index:,unique"`
		Name    string    `gorm:"notNull;default:foo"`
		Name2   string    `gorm:"size:233;not null;default:'foo'"`
		Name3   string    `gorm:"size:233;notNull;default:''"`
		Age     int       `gorm:"default:18"`

			}
		})
	}
}

func TestNamedExpr(t *testing.T) {
	type Base struct {
		Name2 string
	}

	type NamedArgument struct {
		Name1 string
		Base
	}

	results := []struct {
		SQL          string
		Result       string
		Vars         []interface{}
		ExpectedVars []interface{}
	}{{
		SQL:    "create table ? (? ?, ? ?)",

import "gorm.io/gorm/utils"

type JoinType string

const (
	CrossJoin JoinType = "CROSS"
	InnerJoin JoinType = "INNER"
	LeftJoin  JoinType = "LEFT"
	RightJoin JoinType = "RIGHT"
)

type JoinTarget struct {
	Type        JoinType
	Association string
	Subquery    Expression
	Table       string
}

func Has(name string) JoinTarget {
	return JoinTarget{Type: InnerJoin, Association: name}
}

// LRU implements a thread-safe LRU with expirable entries.
type LRU[K comparable, V any] struct {
	size      int
	evictList *LruList[K, V]
	items     map[K]*Entry[K, V]
	onEvict   EvictCallback[K, V]

	// expirable options
	mu   sync.Mutex
	ttl  time.Duration
	done chan struct{}

	// buckets for expiration
	buckets []bucket[K, V]
	// uint8 because it's number between 0 and numBuckets