## Base64 vs Files { #base64-vs-files }

Consider first if you can use [Request Files](../tutorial/request-files.md) for uploading binary data and [Custom Response - FileResponse](./custom-response.md#fileresponse--fileresponse-) for sending binary data, instead of encoding it in JSON.

JSON can only contain UTF-8 encoded strings, so it can't contain raw bytes.

    }

    @ParameterizedTest(name = "encode({1}) -> {2}")
    @MethodSource("encodeProvider")
    void testEncode(byte[] input, String expected) {
        // Arrange & Act
        String actual = Base64.encode(input);
        // Assert
        assertEquals(expected, actual, "Base64.encode should match expected string");
    }

    /**
     * Data provider for Base64 strings and expected decoded byte arrays.
     */

     *
     * @return the last modified timestamp
     */
    public ZonedDateTime getLastModified() {
        return lastModified;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the base64-encoded ID of the item.
     *
     * @return the encoded ID
     */
    public String getEncodedId() {
        return encodedId;
    }

                request.setAttribute(key, query);
            }
            return query;
        }).orElse(null);
    }

    /**
     * Encodes a string to URL-safe Base64 format.
     *
     * @param value the string to encode
     * @return Base64 encoded string, or empty string if value is null
     */
    public static String base64(final String value) {
        if (value == null) {

/**
 * The first two bytes of each value is a header that includes its tag (field ID) and length.
 */
internal data class DerHeader(
  /**
   * Namespace of the tag.
   *
   * This value is encoded in bits 7 and 8 of the first byte of each value.
   *
   * ```
   * 0b00xxxxxx Universal
   * 0b01xxxxxx Application
   * 0b10xxxxxx Context-Specific
   * 0b11xxxxxx Private
   * ```
   */
  var tagClass: Int,

        byte[] encoded = original.encode();
        assertEquals(Smb2ChannelCapabilities.NETWORK_INTERFACE_INFO_SIZE, encoded.length);

        NetworkInterfaceInfo decoded = NetworkInterfaceInfo.decode(encoded, 0);
        assertNotNull(decoded);
        assertEquals(original.getAddress(), decoded.getAddress());
        assertEquals(original.getLinkSpeed(), decoded.getLinkSpeed());

	}
	return map[string]string{
		c.Type.String():       c.Encoded,
		xhttp.AmzChecksumType: c.Type.ObjType(),
	}
}

// Equal returns whether two checksum structs are equal in all their fields.
func (c *Checksum) Equal(s *Checksum) bool {
	if c == nil || s == nil {
		return c == s
	}
	return c.Type == s.Type &&
		c.Encoded == s.Encoded &&
		bytes.Equal(c.Raw, s.Raw) &&
		c.WantParts == s.WantParts
}

            String encoded = permissionHelper.encode(value);
            if (encoded != null) {
                String decoded = permissionHelper.decode(encoded);
                assertNotNull("Decoded value should not be null for: " + value, decoded);
                assertEquals("Decoded value should match original: " + value + " -> " + encoded + " -> " + decoded, value, decoded);
            }
        }
    }

	IV        []byte
	Nonce     []byte
	Bytes     []byte
}

// UnmarshalJSON parses the given text as JSON-encoded
// ciphertext.
//
// UnmarshalJSON provides backward-compatible unmarsahaling
// of existing ciphertext. In the past, ciphertexts were
// JSON-encoded. Now, ciphertexts are binary-encoded.
// Therefore, there is no MarshalJSON implementation.
func (c *ciphertext) UnmarshalJSON(text []byte) error {
	const (

    /**
     * When lastWriteTime is zero the encoded unsigned time must be all 1s.
     */
    @Test
    @DisplayName("edge: writeParameterWordsWireFormat with lastWriteTime=0")
    void testWriteParameterWordsZeroUTime() {
        SmbComClose close = new SmbComClose(42, 0L);
        byte[] buffer = new byte[6];
        close.writeParameterWordsWireFormat(buffer, 0);
        // first two bytes encode fid 42