The same as when declaring query parameters, when a model attribute has a default value, it is not required. Otherwise, it is required. Use `None` to make it just optional.

For example, this model above declares a JSON "`object`" (or Python `dict`) like:

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "An optional description",
    "price": 45.2,
    "tax": 3.5
}
```

    user = get_user(fake_db, username)
    if not user:
        return False
    if not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
        return False
    return user


def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: timedelta | None = None):
    to_encode = data.copy()
    if expires_delta:
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + expires_delta
    else:

    user = get_user(fake_db, username)
    if not user:
        return False
    if not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
        return False
    return user


def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: Union[timedelta, None] = None):
    to_encode = data.copy()
    if expires_delta:
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + expires_delta
    else:

    class Cat(BaseModel):
        pet_type: str = "cat"
        meows: int

    class Dog(BaseModel):
        pet_type: str = "dog"
        barks: float

    def get_pet_type(v):
        assert isinstance(v, dict)
        return v.get("pet_type", "")

    Pet = Annotated[
        Union[Annotated[Cat, Tag("cat")], Annotated[Dog, Tag("dog")]],
        Discriminator(get_pet_type),
    ]

    app = FastAPI()

/// note | Nota

Isso é suportado desde a versão `0.115.0` do FastAPI. 🤓

///

/// tip | Dica

Essa mesma técnica se aplica para `Query`, `Cookie`, e `Header`. 😎

///

## Cookies com Modelos Pydantic { #cookies-with-a-pydantic-model }

    user = get_user(fake_db, username)
    if not user:
        return False
    if not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
        return False
    return user


def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: timedelta | None = None):
    to_encode = data.copy()
    if expires_delta:
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + expires_delta
    else:

    user = get_user(fake_db, username)
    if not user:
        return False
    if not verify_password(password, user.hashed_password):
        return False
    return user


def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: Union[timedelta, None] = None):
    to_encode = data.copy()
    if expires_delta:
        expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + expires_delta
    else:

Y luego puedes establecer cookies en ese objeto de response *temporal*.

{* ../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial002_py39.py hl[1, 8:9] *}

Y entonces puedes devolver cualquier objeto que necesites, como normalmente lo harías (un `dict`, un modelo de base de datos, etc).

Y si declaraste un `response_model`, todavía se utilizará para filtrar y convertir el objeto que devolviste.

/// info | Информация

В Pydantic версии 1 конфигурация задавалась во внутреннем классе `Config`, в Pydantic версии 2 — в атрибуте `model_config`. Этот атрибут принимает `dict`, и чтобы получить автозавершение и ошибки «на лету», вы можете импортировать и использовать `SettingsConfigDict` для описания этого `dict`.

///

Mais, **tout fonctionne** par défaut.

### Validation

* Validation pour la plupart (ou tous?) les **types de données** Python incluant:
    * objets JSON (`dict`).
    * listes JSON (`list`) définissant des types d'éléments.
    * Champs String (`str`), définition de longueur minimum ou maximale.
    * Nombres (`int`, `float`) avec valeur minimale and maximale, etc.