from typing import Literal

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class FilterParams(BaseModel):
    model_config = {"extra": "forbid"}

    limit: int = Field(100, gt=0, le=100)
    offset: int = Field(0, ge=0)
    order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"] = "created_at"
    tags: list[str] = []


@app.get("/items/")

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str | None = None
    description: str | None = None
    price: float | None = None
    tax: float = 10.5
    tags: list[str] = []


items = {
    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},

API를 보호하고 싶다면, 예를 들어 다음과 같은 더 나은 방법들이 있습니다:

* 요청 본문과 응답에 대해 잘 정의된 Pydantic 모델을 사용하도록 하세요.

* 종속성을 사용하여 필요한 권한과 역할을 구성하세요.

* 평문 비밀번호를 절대 저장하지 말고, 오직 암호화된 비밀번호만 저장하세요.

* Passlib과 JWT 토큰과 같은 잘 알려진 암호화 도구들을 구현하고 사용하세요.

* 필요한 곳에 OAuth2 범위를 사용하여 더 세분화된 권한 제어를 추가하세요.

* 등등....

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    item_id: int,
    item: Item = Body(
        examples=[
            {
                "name": "Foo",
                "description": "A very nice Item",

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
def create_item(item: Item):
    return item


@app.get("/items/")
def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(
            name="Portal Gun",

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
async def create_item(item: Item):
    item_dict = item.model_dump()
    if item.tax is not None:
        price_with_tax = item.price + item.tax

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):

import types
from enum import Enum
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, TypeVar, Union

from pydantic import BaseModel

DecoratedCallable = TypeVar("DecoratedCallable", bound=Callable[..., Any])
UnionType = getattr(types, "UnionType", Union)
ModelNameMap = dict[Union[type[BaseModel], type[Enum]], str]
IncEx = Union[set[int], set[str], dict[int, Any], dict[str, Any]]

## 可選的依賴套件

用於 Pydantic：

- <a href="https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator" target="_blank"><code>email-validator</code></a> - 用於電子郵件驗證。
- <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/usage/pydantic_settings/" target="_blank"><code>pydantic-settings</code></a> - 用於設定管理。
- <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/usage/types/extra_types/extra_types/" target="_blank"><code>pydantic-extra-types</code></a> - 用於與 Pydantic 一起使用的額外型別。

{* ../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial002_py310.py hl[20] *}

En este caso, **FastAPI** notará que hay más de un parámetro del cuerpo en la función (hay dos parámetros que son modelos de Pydantic).

Entonces, usará los nombres de los parámetros como claves (nombres de campo) en el cuerpo, y esperará un cuerpo como:

```JSON
{
    "item": {
        "name": "Foo",
        "description": "The pretender",