# Custom Response Classes - File, HTML, Redirect, Streaming, etc.

There are several custom response classes you can use to create an instance and return them directly from your *path operations*.

Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).

You can import them directly from `fastapi.responses`:

```python
from fastapi.responses import (
    FileResponse,

        buffer[7] = 0x00;
        // lastNameOffset (2 bytes)
        buffer[8] = 0x10;
        buffer[9] = 0x00;

        int result = response.readParametersWireFormat(buffer, 0, 10);

        // Should read 10 bytes
        assertEquals(10, result);
        // Check the values were parsed correctly
        assertEquals(1, response.getSid());
        assertEquals(5, response.getNumEntries());

# This ensures that previous jobs for the PR are canceled when the PR is
# updated.
concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

permissions:
  contents: read

jobs:
  build:
    name: Go ${{ matrix.go-version }} on ${{ matrix.os }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        go-version: [1.24.x]
        os: [ubuntu-latest]

    steps:

    try (InputStream decodingStream = encoding.decodingStream(new StringReader(encoded))) {
      for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
        assertThat(decodingStream.read()).isEqualTo(bytes[i] & 0xFF);
      }
      assertThat(decodingStream.read()).isEqualTo(-1);
    }
  }

  public void testToString() {
    assertThat(base64().toString()).isEqualTo("BaseEncoding.base64().withPadChar('=')");

When you need `lifespan` to run in your tests, you can use the `TestClient` with a `with` statement:

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial004.py hl[9:15,18,27:28,30:32,41:43] *}


You can read more details about the ["Running lifespan in tests in the official Starlette documentation site."](https://www.starlette.io/lifespan/#running-lifespan-in-tests)

## Other middlewares { #other-middlewares }

You can later read more about other middlewares in the [Advanced User Guide: Advanced Middleware](../advanced/middleware.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

# Templating - `Jinja2Templates`

You can use the `Jinja2Templates` class to render Jinja templates.

Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for Templates](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/templates/).

You can import it directly from `fastapi.templating`:

```python
from fastapi.templating import Jinja2Templates
```

while IFS="=" read -r key value; do
  case "${key-}" in
  distributionUrl) distributionUrl=$(trim "${value-}") ;;
  distributionSha256Sum) distributionSha256Sum=$(trim "${value-}") ;;
  esac
done <"${0%/*}/.mvn/wrapper/maven-wrapper.properties"
[ -n "${distributionUrl-}" ] || die "cannot read distributionUrl property in ${0%/*}/.mvn/wrapper/maven-wrapper.properties"

        if (!(t instanceof RejectedExecutionException) || removed) {
          throw t;
        }
      }
      return;
    }

    /*
     * This is an unsynchronized read! After the read, the function returns immediately or acquires
     * the lock to check again. Since an IDLE state was observed inside the preceding synchronized

        Smb2IoctlRequest request = new Smb2IoctlRequest(mockConfig, TEST_CONTROL_CODE);
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];

        int read = request.readBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0);

        // This method always returns 0 for requests
        assertEquals(0, read);
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test with unspecified file ID")
    void testWithUnspecifiedFileId() {
        setupMockConfig();