// Just returning an Integer with the index here is faster, but requires a lot of if/then/else to check for
            // -1
            //  or QUALIFIERS.size and then resort to lexical ordering. Most comparisons are decided by the first
            // character,
            // so this is still fast. If more characters are needed then it requires a lexical sort anyway.

Being able to use asynchronous functions in your tests could be useful, for example, when you're querying your database asynchronously. Imagine you want to test sending requests to your FastAPI application and then verify that your backend successfully wrote the correct data in the database, while using an async database library.

Let's look at how we can make that work.

   *   <li>{@link Math#abs(long)}, which returns {@code Long.MIN_VALUE} when passed {@code
   *       Long.MIN_VALUE}
   *   <li>{@link Math#absExact(long)}, which throws {@link ArithmeticException} when passed {@code
   *       Long.MIN_VALUE}
   *   <li>this method, {@code LongMath.saturatedAbs(long)}, which returns {@code Long.MAX_VALUE}
   *       when passed {@code Long.MIN_VALUE}
   * </ul>
   *

    // duplicated key. We will use this final Entry to overwrite earlier slots in the entries array
    // that have the same key. Then a second pass will remove all but the first of the slots that
    // have this Entry. The value in the map becomes false when this first entry has been copied, so
    // we know not to copy the remaining ones.
    IdentityHashMap<Entry<K, V>, Boolean> duplicates = null;
    int dupCount = 0;

func (b *block) toSparse() sparseArray { return sparseArray(b[:]) }

// getFormat checks that the block is a valid tar header based on the checksum.
// It then attempts to guess the specific format based on magic values.
// If the checksum fails, then FormatUnknown is returned.
func (b *block) getFormat() Format {
	// Verify checksum.
	var p parser
	value := p.parseOctal(b.toV7().chksum())

   * traversal. That is, all the nodes of depth 0 are returned, then depth 1, then 2, and so on.
   *
   * <p>No guarantees are made about the behavior of the traversal when nodes change while iteration
   * is in progress or when the iterators generated by {@link #children} are advanced.
   *

///

## `Field` additional arguments { #field-additional-arguments }

When using `Field()` with Pydantic models, you can also declare additional `examples`:

{* ../../docs_src/schema_extra_example/tutorial002_py310.py hl[2,8:11] *}

## `examples` in JSON Schema - OpenAPI { #examples-in-json-schema-openapi }

When using any of:

* `Path()`
* `Query()`
* `Header()`
* `Cookie()`
* `Body()`
* `Form()`

# Background Tasks - `BackgroundTasks`

You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency function with the type `BackgroundTasks`, and then you can use it to schedule the execution of background tasks after the response is sent.

You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import BackgroundTasks
```

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Constructor(Configuration) uses cache size and maximum buffer size from config")
    void constructorUsesConfigurationAndAllocatesWithConfiguredSize() {
        when(cfg.getBufferCacheSize()).thenReturn(2);
        when(cfg.getMaximumBufferSize()).thenReturn(5);

        BufferCacheImpl impl = new BufferCacheImpl(cfg);

        // Verify interactions happen exactly once during construction

	"context"
	"math"
	"math/rand"
	"strconv"
	"testing"

	"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
)

// Benchmark utility functions for ObjectLayer.PutObject().
// Creates Object layer setup ( MakeBucket ) and then runs the PutObject benchmark.
func runPutObjectBenchmark(b *testing.B, obj ObjectLayer, objSize int) {
	var err error
	// obtains random bucket name.
	bucket := getRandomBucketName()
	// create bucket.