# Bigger Applications - Multiple Files { #bigger-applications-multiple-files }

If you are building an application or a web API, it's rarely the case that you can put everything in a single file.

**FastAPI** provides a convenience tool to structure your application while keeping all the flexibility.

/// info

If you come from Flask, this would be the equivalent of Flask's Blueprints.

///

## An example file structure { #an-example-file-structure }

   * may be sent after response headers or body bytes have been received.
   *
   * Though any call may be initiated as a duplex call, only web servers that are specially
   * designed for this nonstandard interaction will use it. As of 2019-01, the only widely-used
   * implementation of this pattern is [gRPC][grpc].
   *

## Scope

This Code of Conduct applies to all content on tensorflow.org, TensorFlow’s GitHub organization, or any other official TensorFlow web presence allowing for community interactions, as well as at all official TensorFlow events, whether offline or online.

# Веб-сокеты { #websockets }

Вы можете использовать <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API" class="external-link" target="_blank">веб-сокеты</a> в **FastAPI**.

## Установка `websockets` { #install-websockets }

Убедитесь, что вы создали [виртуальное окружение](../virtual-environments.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, активировали его и установили `websockets` (библиотека Python, упрощающая работу с протоколом "WebSocket"):

    "Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries",
    "Topic :: Software Development",
    "Typing :: Typed",
    "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
    "Environment :: Web Environment",
    "Framework :: AsyncIO",
    "Framework :: FastAPI",
    "Framework :: Pydantic",
    "Framework :: Pydantic :: 2",
    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",

 * names is a distinct URL and they are not interchangeable. For example, even if
 * `http://square.github.io/dagger` and `http://google.github.io/dagger` are served by the same IP
 * address, the two URLs identify different resources.
 *
 * ### Port
 *
 * The port used to connect to the web server. By default this is 80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS.

# 패스워드 해싱을 이용한 OAuth2, JWT 토큰을 사용하는 Bearer 인증

모든 보안 흐름을 구성했으므로, 이제 <abbr title="JSON Web Tokens">JWT</abbr> 토큰과 패스워드 해싱을 사용해 애플리케이션을 안전하게 만들 것입니다.

이 코드는 실제로 애플리케이션에서 패스워드를 해싱하여 DB에 저장하는 등의 작업에 활용할 수 있습니다.

이전 장에 이어서 시작해 봅시다.

## JWT

JWT 는 "JSON Web Tokens" 을 의미합니다.

JSON 객체를 공백이 없는 긴 문자열로 인코딩하는 표준이며, 다음과 같은 형태입니다:

```

# OAuth2 实现密码哈希与 Bearer  JWT 令牌验证

至此，我们已经编写了所有安全流，本章学习如何使用 <abbr title="JSON Web Tokens">JWT</abbr> 令牌（Token）和安全密码哈希（Hash）实现真正的安全机制。

本章的示例代码真正实现了在应用的数据库中保存哈希密码等功能。

接下来，我们紧接上一章，继续完善安全机制。

## JWT 简介

JWT 即**JSON 网络令牌**（JSON Web Tokens）。

JWT 是一种将 JSON 对象编码为没有空格，且难以理解的长字符串的标准。JWT 的内容如下所示：

```

# WebSockets { #websockets }

Puedes usar <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API" class="external-link" target="_blank">WebSockets</a> con **FastAPI**.

## Instalar `websockets` { #install-websockets }

Asegúrate de crear un [entorno virtual](../virtual-environments.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, activarlo e instalar `websockets` (un paquete de Python que facilita usar el protocolo "WebSocket"):

<div class="termy">

フォームからのデータは通常、`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`の「media type」を使用してエンコードされます。

しかし、フォームがファイルを含む場合は、`multipart/form-data`としてエンコードされます。ファイルの扱いについては次の章で説明します。

これらのエンコーディングやフォームフィールドの詳細については、<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/POST" class="external-link" target="_blank"><abbr title="Mozilla Developer Network">MDN</abbr>の<code>POST</code></a>のウェブドキュメントを参照してください。

///

/// warning | 注意