from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class FormModel(BaseModel):
    username: str
    lastname: str
    age: Optional[int] = None
    tags: list[str] = ["foo", "bar"]
    alias_with: str = Field(alias="with", default="nothing")


class FormModelExtraAllow(BaseModel):
    param: str

    model_config = {"extra": "allow"}


@app.post("/form/")

class HeroBase(SQLModel):
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    age: int | None = Field(default=None, index=True)


class Hero(HeroBase, table=True):
    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    secret_name: str


class HeroPublic(HeroBase):
    id: int


class HeroCreate(HeroBase):
    secret_name: str


class HeroUpdate(HeroBase):
    name: str | None = None
    age: int | None = None

from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    id: str
    value: str


app = FastAPI()


@app.get(
    "/items/{item_id}",
    response_model=Item,
    responses={
        200: {
            "content": {"image/png": {}},
            "description": "Return the JSON item or an image.",
        }
    },
)
async def read_item(item_id: str, img: Union[bool, None] = None):
    if img:

    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
        cls, core_schema: Mapping[str, Any], handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
        return {"type": "string", "format": "binary"}

    @classmethod
    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
        cls, source: type[Any], handler: Callable[[Any], Mapping[str, Any]]
    ) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
        from ._compat.v2 import with_info_plain_validator_function

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py39.py!}
```

O uso de `Optional[str]` em vez de apenas `str` permitirá que o editor o ajude a detectar erros, onde você pode estar assumindo que um valor é sempre um `str`, quando na verdade também pode ser `None`.

`Optional[Something]` é na verdade um atalho para `Union[Something, None]`, eles são equivalentes.

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py39.py!}
```

Usar `Optional[str]` en lugar de solo `str` te permitirá al editor ayudarte a detectar errores donde podrías estar asumiendo que un valor siempre es un `str`, cuando en realidad también podría ser `None`.

`Optional[Something]` es realmente un atajo para `Union[Something, None]`, son equivalentes.

Esto también significa que en Python 3.10, puedes usar `Something | None`:

from typing import Any


def get_body_model_name(openapi: dict[str, Any], path: str) -> str:
    body = openapi["paths"][path]["post"]["requestBody"]
    body_schema = body["content"]["application/x-www-form-urlencoded"]["schema"]

from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Cookies(BaseModel):
    session_id: str
    fatebook_tracker: str | None = None
    googall_tracker: str | None = None


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(cookies: Cookies = Cookie()):

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import FileResponse
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    id: str
    value: str


responses = {
    404: {"description": "Item not found"},
    302: {"description": "The item was moved"},
    403: {"description": "Not enough privileges"},
}


app = FastAPI()


@app.get(
    "/items/{item_id}",

/// check | 확인

**FastAPI**는 `item_id`가 경로 매개변수이고 `q`는 경로 매개변수가 아닌 쿼리 매개변수라는 것을 알 정도로 충분히 똑똑합니다.

///

/// note | 참고

FastAPI는 `q`가 `= None`이므로 선택적이라는 것을 인지합니다.

`Union[str, None]`에 있는 `Union`은 FastAPI(FastAPI는 `str` 부분만 사용합니다)가 사용하는게 아니지만, `Union[str, None]`은 편집기에게 코드에서 오류를 찾아낼 수 있게 도와줍니다.

///

## 쿼리 매개변수 형변환

`bool` 형으로 선언할 수도 있고, 아래처럼 변환됩니다:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial003.py hl[9] *}