在长时间寻找与测试多种替代之后，APIStar 是当时最好的选择。

随后 APIStar 不再作为服务器存在，而 Starlette 出现，成为实现该体系的更佳基础。这成为构建 **FastAPI** 的最终灵感来源。

我把 **FastAPI** 视为 APIStar 的“精神续作”，并在此基础上，结合前述工具的经验，改进并增强了功能、类型系统及其他各方面。

///

## **FastAPI** 所使用的组件 { #used-by-fastapi }

### [Pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev/) { #pydantic }

Pydantic 是一个基于 Python 类型提示来定义数据校验、序列化与文档（使用 JSON Schema）的库。

这使得它极其直观。

		// if object upload fails stop the test.
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Put Object %d:  Error uploading object: <ERROR> %v", i, err)
		}

		// object used for the test.
		objectNames = append(objectNames, objectName)
	}

	contentBytes := []byte("hello")
	for _, name := range []string{"private/object", "public/object"} {
		// Uploading the object with retention enabled

		}, MakeBucketOptions{
			VersioningEnabled: true,
		})
	})
}

// ExecExtendedObjectLayerTest will execute the tests with combinations of encrypted & compressed.
// This can be used to test functionality when reading and writing data.
func ExecExtendedObjectLayerTest(t *testing.T, objTest objTestType) {
	execExtended(t, func(t *testing.T, init func(), bucketOptions MakeBucketOptions) {

    /** Buffer size reserved when truncating context to fit within max chars limit. */
    protected static final int CONTEXT_TRUNCATION_BUFFER = 100;

    /** The HTTP client used for API communication. */
    protected CloseableHttpClient httpClient;

    /** Cached availability status of the LLM provider. */
    protected volatile Boolean cachedAvailability = null;

   * a hotspot optimizer bug, which should be fixed, but that's a separate, big project).
   *
   * The coding pattern above is heavily used in java.util, e.g. in ArrayList. There is a
   * RangeCheckMicroBenchmark in the JDK that was used to test this.
   *
   * But the methods in this class want to throw different exceptions, depending on the args, so it

     * While the current implementation returns `this`, that's not something we mean to guarantee.
     * Anyway, the purpose of this method is to implement a BinaryOperator combiner for a Collector,
     * so its return value will get used naturally.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("CanIgnoreReturnValueSuggester")
    Builder<K, V> combine(ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<K, V> other) {
      ensureCapacity(size + other.size);

///

## Usado por **FastAPI** { #used-by-fastapi }

### [Pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev/) { #pydantic }

///

## Usados por **FastAPI** { #used-by-fastapi }

### [Pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev/) { #pydantic }

Pydantic é uma biblioteca para definir validação de dados, serialização e documentação (usando JSON Schema) com base nas anotações de tipo do Python.

      return new TypeToken<K>(getClass()) {};
    }

    TypeToken<V> valueType() {
      return new TypeToken<V>(getClass()) {};
    }
  }

  // The A and B type parameters are used inside the test to test type variable
  public <A, B> void testEquals() {
    new EqualsTester()
        .addEqualityGroup(
            TypeToken.of(String.class),
            TypeToken.of(String.class),

   * ConcurrentHashMap} instance, and thus carries the same concurrency guarantees.
   *
   * <p>Unlike {@code HashSet}, this class does NOT allow {@code null} to be used as an element. The
   * set is serializable.
   *
   * @return a new, empty thread-safe {@code Set}
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static <E> Set<E> newConcurrentHashSet() {