assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertSame(cause, exception.getCause());
        assertTrue(exception instanceof RuntimeException);
    }

    @Test
    public void testConstructorWithNullMessage() {
        CurlException exception = new CurlException(null);

        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    @Test

        // Act + Assert: exception is propagated with message
        CIFSException ex = assertThrows(CIFSException.class, () -> handle.ensureDFSResolved());
        assertEquals("DFS resolution failed", ex.getMessage());
        verify(handle, times(1)).ensureDFSResolved();
    }

    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 1, -1, Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE })

        // Verify the exception message indicates name resolution failure
        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("NONEXISTENT") || exception.getMessage().contains("unknown")
                || exception.getMessage().contains("not found"), "Exception message should indicate name resolution failure");
    }

    @Test

        // Arrange & Act
        SMBProtocolDowngradeException ex = new SMBProtocolDowngradeException();

        // Assert - message and cause are null
        assertNull(ex.getMessage(), "Default constructor should have null message");
        assertNull(ex.getCause(), "Default constructor should have null cause");

        // Assert - toString shows class name when message is null

        assertEquals(rootCause, finalException.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Final error", finalException.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Intermediate", intermediateCause.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Root error", rootCause.getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should preserve stack trace")
    void testStackTracePreservation() {
        // When

        PACDecodingException e = assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> new Pac(emptyData, keys));
        // Any PACDecodingException is acceptable for this test
        assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    void testTooSmallPac() {
        // Test that PAC smaller than 8 bytes is rejected
        byte[] smallData = new byte[4];

     * Test the default constructor.
     */
    @Test
    void testDefaultConstructor() {
        PACDecodingException e = new PACDecodingException();
        // Expect null message and null cause
        assertNull(e.getMessage());
        assertNull(e.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test the constructor with a message.
     */
    @Test
    void testMessageConstructor() {

        // Verify messages
        assertEquals("Top level", topLevel.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Level 1", level1.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Level 2", level2.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Level 3 - Root cause", level3.getMessage());
    }

    /**
     * Test serialization
     */
    public void test_serialization() throws Exception {

        } catch (final ExtractException e) {
            assertTrue("Error message should mention ZIP archive", e.getMessage().contains("ZIP archive"));
            assertTrue("Error message should indicate failure",
                    e.getMessage().contains("Failed to extract") || e.getMessage().contains("No entries could be processed"));
        }
    }

    /**

        // Arrange & Act
        SmbUnsupportedOperationException ex = new SmbUnsupportedOperationException();

        // Assert
        assertEquals("Operation is not supported with the negotiated capabilities", ex.getMessage(),
                "Default message should match the class contract");
        assertNull(ex.getCause(), "No cause expected from default constructor");
        assertTrue(ex instanceof SmbException, "Should be an SmbException");