assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test protected constructor with suppression and stack trace control
     */
    public void test_protectedConstructor_withSuppressionAndStackTrace() throws Exception {
        // Access protected constructor via reflection
        Constructor<CrawlerSystemException> constructor =

    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
    List<Constructor<X>> constructors = (List) Arrays.asList(exceptionClass.getConstructors());
    for (Constructor<X> constructor : preferringStringsThenThrowables(constructors)) {
      X instance = newFromConstructor(constructor, cause);
      if (instance != null) {
        if (instance.getCause() == null) {

        // Test constructor with null message
        SearchQueryException exception = new SearchQueryException((String) null);

        assertNull(exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
        assertTrue(exception instanceof FessSystemException);
    }

    public void test_constructorWithNullCause() {
        // Test constructor with null cause

    //                                                                           Constructor
    //                                                                           ===========

    /**
     * Default constructor.
     */
    public ApiAdminStatsAction() {
        super();
    }

        // Test constructor with message only
        String message = "Test exception message";
        FessSystemException exception = new FessSystemException(message);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    public void test_constructor_withMessageAndCause() {
        // Test constructor with message and cause

        // 1. Class should have protected constructor
        Constructor<?>[] constructors = ThreadDumpUtil.class.getDeclaredConstructors();
        assertEquals("Should have exactly one constructor", 1, constructors.length);
        assertTrue("Constructor should be protected", java.lang.reflect.Modifier.isProtected(constructors[0].getModifiers()));

        // 2. All public methods should be static

class PACDecodingExceptionTest {

    /**
     * Test the default constructor.
     */
    @Test
    void testDefaultConstructor() {
        PACDecodingException e = new PACDecodingException();
        // Expect null message and null cause
        assertNull(e.getMessage());
        assertNull(e.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test the constructor with a message.
     */
    @Test
    void testMessageConstructor() {

    @Mock
    private NdrObject mockNdrObject;

    /**
     * Test the constructor of MsrpcQueryInformationPolicy.
     * It should correctly call the super constructor and set ptype and flags.
     */
    @Test
    @DisplayName("Constructor should initialize fields and call super constructor")
    void constructorTest() {
        short level = 1;

        // Create an instance of the class under test

    /**
     * Returns the constructor.
     *
     * @param <T>
     *            The type of the Bean
     * @return The constructor
     */
    <T> Constructor<T> getConstructor();

    /**
     * Returns an array of the parameter types of the constructor.
     *
     * @return An array of the parameter types of the constructor
     */
    Class<?>[] getParameterTypes();

    /**

        SMBProtocolDowngradeException ex = new SMBProtocolDowngradeException();

        // Assert - message and cause are null
        assertNull(ex.getMessage(), "Default constructor should have null message");
        assertNull(ex.getCause(), "Default constructor should have null cause");

        // Assert - toString shows class name when message is null
        assertEquals(SMBProtocolDowngradeException.class.getName(), ex.toString());