offset = min(offset, this.length);
      length = min(length, this.length - offset);
      int newOffset = this.offset + (int) offset;
      return new ByteArrayByteSource(bytes, newOffset, (int) length);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return "ByteSource.wrap("

            return a;
        }
        if (a.length == 0) {
            return b;
        }
        if (b.length == 0) {
            return a;
        }
        final boolean[] array = (boolean[]) Array.newInstance(boolean.class, a.length + b.length);
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, array, 0, a.length);
        System.arraycopy(b, 0, array, a.length, b.length);
        return array;
    }

    /**

	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(UTCNow().UnixNano()))

	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}

	// Verify erasure.Decode() for random offsets and lengths.
	for range iterations {
		offset := r.Int63n(length)
		readLen := r.Int63n(length - offset)

		expected := data[offset : offset+readLen]

		// Get the checksums of the current part.
		bitrotReaders := make([]io.ReaderAt, len(disks))
		for index, disk := range disks {

        }
        if (isDirect) {
            out.writeDirect(buf, off, length, 1);
            return;
        }
        out.write(buf, off, length);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doReceiveFragment(final byte[] buf, final boolean isDirect) throws IOException {
        int off, flags, length;

        if (buf.length < max_recv) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("buffer too small");
        }

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Offsets and length must be non-negative");
        }
        if (srcOffset + length > src.length) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "Source array bounds exceeded: offset=" + srcOffset + ", length=" + length + ", array.length=" + src.length);
        }
        if (dstOffset + length > dst.length) {

        int length = testData.length;

        // Act
        signingDigest.sign(testData, offset, length, null, null);

        // Assert
        verify(signingDigest, times(1)).sign(testData, offset, length, null, null);
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test verify method with null message")
    void testVerifyWithNullMessage() {
        // Arrange
        int offset = 0;
        int length = testData.length;

     * Tests the {@link PacUnicodeString#check(String)} method with a string of incorrect length.
     */
    @Test
    void testCheck_withInvalidLength_throwsException() {
        // Length is 10 bytes, so expected string length is 5 characters
        PacUnicodeString pacString = new PacUnicodeString((short) 10, (short) 20, 100);
        String testString = "too-long"; // Length is 8

        // Expect a PACDecodingException to be thrown

        // Simulate a security buffer structure: length (2 bytes), length (2 bytes), offset (4 bytes)
        // Length = 5, Offset = 8
        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(data).order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
        buffer.putShort(0, (short) content.length); // Length
        buffer.putShort(2, (short) content.length); // MaxLength (not used by readSecurityBuffer, but typically same as length)
        buffer.putInt(4, 8); // Offset

  static long fingerprint(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length) {
    if (length <= 32) {
      if (length <= 16) {
        return hashLength0to16(bytes, offset, length);
      } else {
        return hashLength17to32(bytes, offset, length);
      }
    } else if (length <= 64) {
      return hashLength33To64(bytes, offset, length);
    } else {
      return hashLength65Plus(bytes, offset, length);
    }
  }

     * @param length maximum length to receive
     * @return number of bytes received
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    int recv(byte[] buf, int off, int length) throws IOException;

    /**
     * Send data to the pipe
     *
     * @param buf buffer containing data to send
     * @param off offset in the buffer
     * @param length length of data to send