return a;
        }
        if (a.length == 0) {
            return b;
        }
        if (b.length == 0) {
            return a;
        }
        final boolean[] array = (boolean[]) Array.newInstance(boolean.class, a.length + b.length);
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, array, 0, a.length);
        System.arraycopy(b, 0, array, a.length, b.length);
        return array;
    }

    /**

      val byteCount = hpackBuffer.size
      val length = minOf(maxFrameSize - 4L, byteCount).toInt()
      frameHeader(
        streamId = streamId,
        length = length + 4,
        type = TYPE_PUSH_PROMISE,
        flags = if (byteCount == length.toLong()) FLAG_END_HEADERS else 0,
      )
      sink.writeInt(promisedStreamId and 0x7fffffff)
      sink.write(hpackBuffer, length.toLong())

   */
  static @Nullable Object[] copyAsObjectArray(@Nullable Object[] elements, int offset, int length) {
    checkPositionIndexes(offset, offset + length, elements.length);
    if (length == 0) {
      return new Object[0];
    }
    @Nullable Object[] result = new Object[length];
    arraycopy(elements, offset, result, 0, length);
    return result;
  }

  @CanIgnoreReturnValue

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Offsets and length must be non-negative");
        }
        if (srcOffset + length > src.length) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                    "Source array bounds exceeded: offset=" + srcOffset + ", length=" + length + ", array.length=" + src.length);
        }
        if (dstOffset + length > dst.length) {

            assertNotNull(utf16Bytes, "UTF-16LE bytes should not be null");
            assertTrue(utf8Bytes.length > 0, "UTF-8 bytes should not be empty");
            assertTrue(utf16Bytes.length > 0, "UTF-16LE bytes should not be empty");
            assertNotEquals(utf8Bytes.length, utf16Bytes.length, "Different encodings should produce different lengths");
        }

        @ParameterizedTest

      }

    // Read the length.
    val length0 = source.readByte().toInt() and 0xff
    val length =
      when {
        length0 == 0b1000_0000 -> {
          throw ProtocolException("indefinite length not permitted for DER")
        }
        (length0 and 0b1000_0000) == 0b1000_0000 -> {
          // Length specified over multiple bytes.
          val lengthBytes = length0 and 0b0111_1111

            int offset = 50;
            int length = 100;
            request.setData(fullData, offset, length);

            byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
            int bytesWritten = request.writeBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0);

            // Verify only the specified portion is written
            assertEquals(48 + length, bytesWritten);

        // Verify encoded length
        assertEquals(3, encodedLen, "Encoded length should be equal to the specified length");

        // Verify content
        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { (byte) 0xFF, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00 }, dest, "Encoded bytes should be placed at the correct offset");
    }

    @Test
    void testEncodeZeroLength() {
        // Test encoding with zero length
        byte[] data = { 0x01, 0x02, 0x03 };

         * The priority length is the number of characters before any wildcard.
         *
         * @param pattern the path pattern
         * @return the priority length
         */
        private static int calculatePriorityLength(final String pattern) {
            // For priority, we count the pattern length, treating * as having length 0
            // and $ as having length 1
            int length = 0;

        System.arraycopy(testData, 0, buffer, 10, testData.length);

        int result = response.readDataWireFormat(buffer, 10, testData.length);

        assertEquals(testData.length, result);
        // Verify data was copied to outputBuffer
        byte[] expectedData = new byte[testData.length];
        System.arraycopy(outputBuffer, 0, expectedData, 0, testData.length);
        assertArrayEquals(testData, expectedData);
    }