if dbDSN == "" {
			dbDSN = sqlserverDSN
		}
		db, err = gorm.Open(sqlserver.Open(dbDSN), cfg)
	case "tidb":
		log.Println("testing tidb...")
		if dbDSN == "" {
			dbDSN = tidbDSN
		}
		db, err = gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dbDSN), cfg)
	default:
		log.Println("testing sqlite3...")
		db, err = gorm.Open(sqlite.Open(filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "gorm.db")), cfg)
		if err == nil {
			db.Exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON")
		}
	}

// BeforeCreate before create hooks
func BeforeCreate(db *gorm.DB) {
	if db.Error == nil && db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.SkipHooks && (db.Statement.Schema.BeforeSave || db.Statement.Schema.BeforeCreate) {
		callMethod(db, func(value interface{}, tx *gorm.DB) (called bool) {
			if db.Statement.Schema.BeforeSave {
				if i, ok := value.(BeforeSaveInterface); ok {
					called = true
					db.AddError(i.BeforeSave(tx))
				}
			}

func (db *DB) Create(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
	if db.CreateBatchSize > 0 {
		return db.CreateInBatches(value, db.CreateBatchSize)
	}

	tx = db.getInstance()
	tx.Statement.Dest = value
	return tx.callbacks.Create().Execute(tx)
}

// CreateInBatches inserts value in batches of batchSize
func (db *DB) CreateInBatches(value interface{}, batchSize int) (tx *DB) {

		CheckUser(t, u, users[i])
	}

	var user4 User
	DB.Delete(&users3[0].Account)

	if err := DB.Preload(clause.Associations).Take(&user4, "id = ?", users3[0].ID).Error; err != nil || user4.Account.ID != 0 {
		t.Errorf("failed to query, got error %v, account: %#v", err, user4.Account)
	}

	if err := DB.Preload(clause.Associations, func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
		return tx.Unscoped()

		}}

		if err := DB.Create(&pets).Error; err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
		}

		for _, pet := range pets {
			CheckPet(t, *pet, *pet)
		}
	})
}

func TestCreateEmptyStruct(t *testing.T) {
	type EmptyStruct struct {
		ID uint
	}
	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&EmptyStruct{})

	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&EmptyStruct{}); err != nil {

}

func TestManyToManyWithMultiPrimaryKeys(t *testing.T) {
	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "sqlite" || name == "sqlserver" {
		t.Skip("skip sqlite, sqlserver due to it doesn't support multiple primary keys with auto increment")
	}

	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "postgres" {
		stmt := gorm.Statement{DB: DB}
		stmt.Parse(&Blog{})
		stmt.Schema.LookUpField("ID").Unique = true
		stmt.Parse(&Tag{})

		{
			Value:  "Level3-3",
			Level2: level21,
		},
	}

	for _, want := range wants {
		if err := DB.Save(want).Error; err != nil {
			t.Error(err)
		}
	}

	var gots []*Level3
	if err := DB.Preload("Level2.Level1s", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
		return db.Order("level1.id ASC")
	}).Find(&gots).Error; err != nil {
		t.Error(err)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(gots, wants) {

package callbacks

import (
	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

func RawExec(db *gorm.DB) {
	if db.Error == nil && !db.DryRun {
		result, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.ExecContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)
		if err != nil {
			db.AddError(err)
			return
		}

		db.RowsAffected, _ = result.RowsAffected()
	}

	}

	if err := DB.Create(&data).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create data, got error %v", err)
	}

	var result SerializerStruct
	if err := DB.Where("roles2 IS NULL AND roles3 = ?", "").First(&result, data.ID).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to query data, got error %v", err)
	}

	AssertEqual(t, result, data)

	if err := DB.Model(&result).Update("roles", "").Error; err != nil {

	tx := db.Session(&gorm.Session{Context: db.Statement.Context, NewDB: true, SkipHooks: db.Statement.SkipHooks, Initialized: true})
	db.Statement.Settings.Range(func(k, v interface{}) bool {
		tx.Statement.Settings.Store(k, v)
		return true
	})

	if err := tx.Statement.Parse(dest); err != nil {
		tx.AddError(err)
		return tx
	}
	tx.Statement.ReflectValue = reflectValue