assert response.headers["Content-Encoding"] == "gzip"
    assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) < 4000
    response = client.get("/")

/// note | "Technical Details"

You could also use `from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse`.

**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.responses` as `fastapi.responses` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available responses come directly from Starlette.

///

### Multiple File Uploads with Additional Metadata

client = TestClient(app, root_path="/api/v1")


def test_main():
    response = client.get("/app")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"message": "Hello World", "root_path": "/api/v1"}


def test_openapi():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {
        "openapi": "3.1.0",

 * responses coming back in. Typically interceptors add, remove, or transform headers on the request
 * or response.
 *
 * Implementations of this interface throw [IOException] to signal connectivity failures. This
 * includes both natural exceptions such as unreachable servers, as well as synthetic exceptions
 * when responses are of an unexpected type or cannot be decoded.
 *

{"message": "Oops! yolo did something. There goes a rainbow..."}

```

/// note | "技术细节"

`from starlette.requests import Request` 和 `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse` 也可以用于导入 `Request` 和 `JSONResponse`。

**FastAPI** 提供了与 `starlette.responses` 相同的 `fastapi.responses` 作为快捷方式，但大部分响应操作都可以直接从 Starlette 导入。同理，`Request` 也是如此。

///

## 覆盖默认异常处理器

**FastAPI** 自带了一些默认异常处理器。

    ],
)
def test_get_path(path, expected_status, expected_response):
    response = client.get(path)
    assert response.status_code == expected_status
    assert response.json() == expected_response


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {
        "openapi": "3.1.0",

If an incoming request does not validate correctly then a `400` response will be sent.

## `GZipMiddleware`

Handles GZip responses for any request that includes `"gzip"` in the `Accept-Encoding` header.

The middleware will handle both standard and streaming responses.

{* ../../docs_src/advanced_middleware/tutorial003.py hl[2,6] *}

The following arguments are supported:

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/cookie/")
def create_cookie():
    content = {"message": "Come to the dark side, we have cookies"}
    response = JSONResponse(content=content)
    response.set_cookie(key="fakesession", value="fake-cookie-session-value")

        ] = None,
        default_response_class: Annotated[
            Type[Response],
            Doc(
                """
                The default response class to be used.

                Read more in the
                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#default-response-class).

                **Example**

                ```python

    test_read_main()


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "openapi": "3.1.0",
        "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
        "paths": {
            "/": {
                "get": {
                    "responses": {
                        "200": {