}},
			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`users`.`id` <> ? AND NOT `score` <= ?)",
			[]interface{}{"1", 100},
		},
		{
			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Where{
				Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Not(clause.Expr{SQL: "`score` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{100}},
					clause.Expr{SQL: "`age` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{60}})},
			}},

package clause_test

import (
	"fmt"
	"testing"

	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
)

func TestGroupBy(t *testing.T) {
	results := []struct {
		Clauses []clause.Interface
		Result  string
		Vars    []interface{}
	}{
		{
			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.GroupBy{
				Columns: []clause.Column{{Name: "role"}},
				Having:  []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{"role", "admin"}},
			}},

package clause_test

import (
	"fmt"
	"testing"

	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
)

func TestFrom(t *testing.T) {
	results := []struct {
		Clauses []clause.Interface
		Result  string
		Vars    []interface{}
	}{
		{
			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}},
			"SELECT * FROM `users`", nil,
		},
		{
			[]clause.Interface{
				clause.Select{}, clause.From{
					Tables: []clause.Table{{Name: "users"}},

				}

				subdb.Statement.SQL.Reset()
				subdb.Statement.Vars = stmt.Vars
				if strings.Contains(sql, "@") {
					clause.NamedExpr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
				} else {
					clause.Expr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
				}
			} else {
				subdb.Statement.Vars = append(stmt.Vars, subdb.Statement.Vars...)
				subdb.callbacks.Query().Execute(subdb)
			}

					Expression: clause.Expr{SQL: "FIELD(id, ?)", Vars: []interface{}{[]int{1, 2, 3}}, WithoutParentheses: true},
				},
			},
			"SELECT * FROM `users` ORDER BY FIELD(id, ?,?,?)",
			[]interface{}{1, 2, 3},
		},
	}

	for idx, result := range results {
		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("case #%v", idx), func(t *testing.T) {
			checkBuildClauses(t, result.Clauses, result.Result, result.Vars)
		})
	}

package clause_test

import (
	"fmt"
	"testing"

	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
)

func TestReturning(t *testing.T) {
	results := []struct {
		Clauses []clause.Interface
		Result  string
		Vars    []interface{}
	}{
		{
			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Returning{
				[]clause.Column{clause.PrimaryColumn},
			}},
			"SELECT * FROM `users` RETURNING `users`.`id`", nil,
		}, {

		}
		shiftDelimiter++
	}

	if continuousBacktick > 0 && !selfQuoted {
		writer.WriteString("``")
	}
	writer.WriteByte('`')
}

func (DummyDialector) Explain(sql string, vars ...interface{}) string {
	return logger.ExplainSQL(sql, nil, `"`, vars...)
}

func (DummyDialector) DataTypeOf(*schema.Field) string {
	return ""
}

func (d DummyDialector) Translate(err error) error {
	return d.TranslatedErr

	Migrator(db *DB) Migrator
	DataTypeOf(*schema.Field) string
	DefaultValueOf(*schema.Field) clause.Expression
	BindVarTo(writer clause.Writer, stmt *Statement, v interface{})
	QuoteTo(clause.Writer, string)
	Explain(sql string, vars ...interface{}) string
}

// Plugin GORM plugin interface
type Plugin interface {
	Name() string
	Initialize(*DB) error
}

type ParamsFilter interface {

					dest := db.Statement.Dest
					db.Statement.Dest = db.Statement.ReflectValue.Addr().Interface()
					gorm.Scan(rows, db, mode)
					db.Statement.Dest = dest
					db.AddError(rows.Close())
				}
			} else {
				result, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.ExecContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)

				if db.AddError(err) == nil {

			clause.NamedExpr{SQL: result.SQL, Vars: result.Vars}.Build(stmt)
			if stmt.SQL.String() != result.Result {
				t.Errorf("generated SQL is not equal, expects %v, but got %v", result.Result, stmt.SQL.String())
			}

			if !reflect.DeepEqual(result.ExpectedVars, stmt.Vars) {
				t.Errorf("generated vars is not equal, expects %v, but got %v", result.ExpectedVars, stmt.Vars)
			}
		})
	}
}