## Das `Request`-Objekt direkt verwenden

Angenommen, Sie möchten auf die IP-Adresse/den Host des Clients in Ihrer *Pfadoperation-Funktion* zugreifen.

Dazu müssen Sie direkt auf den Request zugreifen.

```Python hl_lines="1  7-8"
{!../../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

    ```

    </details>

=== "Python 3.9+"

    ```Python hl_lines="16"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py39.py[ln:1-17]!}

    # Code unterhalb weggelassen 👇
    ```

    <details>
    <summary>👀 Vollständige Dateivorschau</summary>

    ```Python
    {!> ../../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py39.py!}

# 响应头

## 使用 `Response` 参数

你可以在你的*路径操作函数*中声明一个`Response`类型的参数（就像你可以为cookies做的那样）。

然后你可以在这个*临时*响应对象中设置头部。
```Python hl_lines="1  7-8"
{!../../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial002.py!}
```

然后你可以像平常一样返回任何你需要的对象（例如一个`dict`或者一个数据库模型）。如果你声明了一个`response_model`，它仍然会被用来过滤和转换你返回的对象。

**FastAPI**将使用这个临时响应来提取头部（也包括cookies和状态码），并将它们放入包含你返回的值的最终响应中，该响应由任何`response_model`过滤。

你也可以在依赖项中声明`Response`参数，并在其中设置头部（和cookies）。

## 直接返回 `Response`

E você também pode declarar parâmetros de corpo como opcionais, definindo o valor padrão com `None`:

=== "Python 3.10+"

    ```Python hl_lines="17-19"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial001_py310.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="19-21"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial001.py!}
    ```

    ```

=== "Python 3.9+"

    ```Python hl_lines="5  12-16"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/security/tutorial002_an_py39.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="5  13-17"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/security/tutorial002_an.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.10+ nicht annotiert"

    !!! tip "Tipp"
        Bevorzugen Sie die `Annotated`-Version, falls möglich.

=== "Pydantic v2"

    ```Python hl_lines="17-22  24"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007.py!}
    ```

=== "Pydantic v1"

    ```Python hl_lines="17-22  24"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007_pv1.py!}
    ```

!!! info

=== "Pydantic v2"

    ```Python hl_lines="17-22  24"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007.py!}
    ```

=== "Pydantic v1"

    ```Python hl_lines="17-22  24"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/path_operation_advanced_configuration/tutorial007_pv1.py!}
    ```

!!! info

=== "Python 3.9+"

    ```Python hl_lines="18"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an_py39.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="17"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial011_an.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+ nicht annotiert"

    !!! tip "Tipp"
        Bevorzugen Sie die `Annotated`-Version, falls möglich.

=== "Python 3.9+"

    ```Python hl_lines="18-19  26-27"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008_an_py39.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+"

    ```Python hl_lines="17-18  25-26"
    {!> ../../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial008_an.py!}
    ```

=== "Python 3.8+ nicht annotiert"

    !!! tip "Tipp"
        Bevorzugen Sie die `Annotated`-Version, falls möglich.

# 응답 모델

어떤 *경로 작동*이든 매개변수 `response_model`를 사용하여 응답을 위한 모델을 선언할 수 있습니다:

* `@app.get()`
* `@app.post()`
* `@app.put()`
* `@app.delete()`
* 기타.

```Python hl_lines="17"
{!../../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001.py!}
```

!!! note "참고"
    `response_model`은 "데코레이터" 메소드(`get`, `post`, 등)의 매개변수입니다. 모든 매개변수들과 본문(body)처럼 *경로 작동 함수*가 아닙니다.