```

### `HTMLResponse`

Takes some text or bytes and returns an HTML response, as you read above.

### `PlainTextResponse`

Takes some text or bytes and returns an plain text response.

```Python hl_lines="2  7  9"
{!../../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial005.py!}
```

### `JSONResponse`

Takes some data and returns an `application/json` encoded response.

    title: Building a CRUD API with FastAPI and Supabase
  - author: Adejumo Ridwan Suleiman
    author_link: https://www.linkedin.com/in/adejumoridwan/
    link: https://medium.com/python-in-plain-english/build-an-sms-spam-classifier-serverless-database-with-faunadb-and-fastapi-23dbb275bc5b
    title: Build an SMS Spam Classifier Serverless Database with FaunaDB and FastAPI
  - author: Raf Rasenberg

instead of being called directly (as it would block the server).

If you are coming from another async framework that does not work in the way described above and you are used to defining trivial compute-only *path operation functions* with plain `def` for a tiny performance gain (about 100 nanoseconds), please note that in **FastAPI** the effect would be quite opposite. In these cases, it's better to use `async def` unless your *path operation functions* use code that performs blocking <abbr...

pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")

app = FastAPI()


def verify_password(plain_password, hashed_password):
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)


def get_password_hash(password):
    return pwd_context.hash(password)


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:

                    "operationId": "main__get",
                    "responses": {
                        "200": {
                            "description": "Successful Response",
                            "content": {"text/plain": {"schema": {"type": "string"}}},
                        }
                    },
                }
            }
        },

            data={"token": "foo"},
            files={"file": filea, "fileb": ("testb.txt", fileb, "text/plain")},
        )
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "file_size": 14,
        "token": "foo",
        "fileb_content_type": "text/plain",
    }


@needs_py39
def test_openapi_schema(client: TestClient):

pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")

app = FastAPI()


def verify_password(plain_password, hashed_password):
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)


def get_password_hash(password):
    return pwd_context.hash(password)


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:

    Dict,
    Iterable,
    Optional,
    Type,
    TypeVar,
    cast,
)

from fastapi._compat import (
    PYDANTIC_V2,
    CoreSchema,
    GetJsonSchemaHandler,
    JsonSchemaValue,
    with_info_plain_validator_function,
)
from starlette.datastructures import URL as URL  # noqa: F401
from starlette.datastructures import Address as Address  # noqa: F401
from starlette.datastructures import FormData as FormData  # noqa: F401

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(
    tokenUrl="token",
    scopes={"me": "Read information about the current user.", "items": "Read items."},
)

app = FastAPI()


def verify_password(plain_password, hashed_password):
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)


def get_password_hash(password):
    return pwd_context.hash(password)


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(
    tokenUrl="token",
    scopes={"me": "Read information about the current user.", "items": "Read items."},
)

app = FastAPI()


def verify_password(plain_password, hashed_password):
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)


def get_password_hash(password):
    return pwd_context.hash(password)


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db: