*       <i>j</i><sup>th</sup> item in the <i>i</i><sup>th</sup> equality group, where both equality
 *       groups and the items within equality groups are numbered starting from 1. When either a
 *       constructor argument or an equal object is provided, that becomes group 1.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @author Jim McMaster
 * @author Jige Yu
 * @since 10.0
 */
@GwtCompatible

    service.startAsync().awaitRunning();
    assertEquals(1, service.startUpCalled);
    assertEquals(Service.State.RUNNING, service.state());
    assertThat(service.transitionStates).containsExactly(Service.State.STARTING);
  }

  public void testStart_failed() {
    final Exception exception = new Exception("deliberate");
    TestService service =
        new TestService() {
          @Override

  protected abstract void update(byte b);

  /** Updates this hasher with the given bytes. */
  protected void update(byte[] b) {
    update(b, 0, b.length);
  }

  /** Updates this hasher with {@code len} bytes starting at {@code off} in the given buffer. */
  protected void update(byte[] b, int off, int len) {
    for (int i = off; i < off + len; i++) {
      update(b[i]);
    }
  }

   * @return the replacement characters, or {@code null} if no escaping was needed
   */
  @CheckForNull
  protected abstract char[] escape(char c);

  /**
   * Returns the escaped form of a given literal string, starting at the given index. This method is
   * called by the {@link #escape(String)} method when it discovers that escaping is required. It is
   * protected to allow subclasses to override the fastpath escaping function to inline their

   * <p>Among the improvements that this method and {@code LoadingCache.get(K)} both provide are:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>{@linkplain LoadingCache#get(Object) awaiting the result of a pending load} rather than
   *       starting a redundant one
   *   <li>eliminating the error-prone caching boilerplate
   *   <li>tracking load {@linkplain #stats statistics}
   * </ul>
   *

  public void testStateOrdering() {
    // List every valid (direct) state transition.
    assertLessThan(NEW, STARTING);
    assertLessThan(NEW, TERMINATED);

    assertLessThan(STARTING, RUNNING);
    assertLessThan(STARTING, STOPPING);
    assertLessThan(STARTING, FAILED);

    assertLessThan(RUNNING, STOPPING);
    assertLessThan(RUNNING, FAILED);

    assertLessThan(STOPPING, FAILED);

    service.startAsync().awaitRunning();
    assertEquals(1, service.startUpCalled);
    assertEquals(Service.State.RUNNING, service.state());
    assertThat(service.transitionStates).containsExactly(Service.State.STARTING);
  }

  public void testStart_failed() {
    final Exception exception = new Exception("deliberate");
    TestService service =
        new TestService() {
          @Override

    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(reference, target));
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(reference, target));

    Object[] expectedArray1 = expectModify ? reference : starting;
    Object[] expectedArray2 = expectModify ? target : starting;
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(expectedArray1, array1));
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(expectedArray2, array2));
  }

  public void testPrependZeroElements() {

    return requireNonNull(DEST_TL.get());
  }

  /**
   * A thread-local destination buffer to keep us from creating new buffers. The starting size is
   * 1024 characters. If we grow past this we don't put it back in the threadlocal, we just keep
   * going and grow as needed.
   */
  private static final ThreadLocal<char[]> DEST_TL =

  protected abstract void update(byte b);

  /** Updates this hasher with the given bytes. */
  protected void update(byte[] b) {
    update(b, 0, b.length);
  }

  /** Updates this hasher with {@code len} bytes starting at {@code off} in the given buffer. */
  protected void update(byte[] b, int off, int len) {
    for (int i = off; i < off + len; i++) {
      update(b[i]);
    }
  }