### Tests

* Help me check that the PR has **tests**.

* Check that the tests **fail** before the PR. 🚨

* Then check that the tests **pass** after the PR. ✅

* Many PRs don't have tests, you can **remind** them to add tests, or you can even **suggest** some tests yourself. That's one of the things that consume most time and you can help a lot with that.

By using all the previous alternatives I had the chance to learn from all of them, take ideas, and combine them in the best way I could find for myself and the teams of developers I have worked with.

For example, it was clear that ideally it should be based on standard Python type hints.

Also, the best approach was to use already existing standards.

- ⚡ [**FastAPI**](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com) for the Python backend API.
    - 🧰 [SQLModel](https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com) for the Python SQL database interactions (ORM).
    - 🔍 [Pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev), used by FastAPI, for the data validation and settings management.
    - 💾 [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org) as the SQL database.
- 🚀 [React](https://react.dev) for the frontend.

* the data from the client to be sent through the network
* the data sent by your program to be received by the client through the network
* the contents of a file in the disk to be read by the system and given to your program
* the contents your program gave to the system to be written to disk
* a remote API operation

You can also declare the `Response` parameter in dependencies, and set headers (and cookies) in them.

## Return a `Response` directly

You can also add headers when you return a `Response` directly.

There are several custom response classes you can use to create an instance and return them directly from your *path operations*.

Read more about it in the [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).

You can import them directly from `fastapi.responses`:

```python
from fastapi.responses import (
    FileResponse,
    HTMLResponse,

To try it out:

* Open the app with several browser tabs.
* Write messages from them.
* Then close one of the tabs.

That will raise the `WebSocketDisconnect` exception, and all the other clients will receive a message like:

```
Client #1596980209979 left the chat
```

!!! tip
    The app above is a minimal and simple example to demonstrate how to handle and broadcast messages to several WebSocket connections.

## Change the Theme

The same way you could set the syntax highlighting theme with the key `"syntaxHighlight.theme"` (notice that it has a dot in the middle):

```Python hl_lines="3"
{!../../../docs_src/configure_swagger_ui/tutorial002.py!}
```

That configuration would change the syntax highlighting color theme:

<img src="/img/tutorial/extending-openapi/image04.png">

## Change Default Swagger UI Parameters

You can use virtually **any cloud provider** to deploy your FastAPI application.

In most of the cases, the main cloud providers have guides to deploy FastAPI with them.

## Cloud Providers - Sponsors

Some cloud providers ✨ [**sponsor FastAPI**](../help-fastapi.md#sponsor-the-author){.internal-link target=_blank} ✨, this ensures the continued and healthy **development** of FastAPI and its **ecosystem**.

```

In the dependency override we set a new value for the `admin_email` when creating the new `Settings` object, and then we return that new object.

Then we can test that it is used.

## Reading a `.env` file

If you have many settings that possibly change a lot, maybe in different environments, it might be useful to put them on a file and then read them from it as if they were environment variables.